Chapter 2 Terms Flashcards

1
Q

The collection of probabilities from the various outcomes possible in a situation

A

Event

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2
Q

Events that cannot occur simultaneously

A

Mutually exclusive events

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3
Q

Probability of an event occurring is 1 - the probability that the event will not occur

A

Compliment Rule

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4
Q

The symbol for the occurrence of something other than the event, A, in question

A

A^c

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5
Q

Symmetrical curve representing observed values relative to the mean

A

Standard Normal Distribution

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6
Q

Common term for Standard Normal Distribuiton

A

Bell-shaped Curve

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7
Q

Sum of the squared differences between values divided by the number of observations less 1 (n-1)

A

Variance

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8
Q

Square root of the variance represented by the symbol: theta

A

Standard Deviation

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9
Q

Central range within which 68.25% of values occur in a standard Normal distribution

A

+- 1 Standard Deviation

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10
Q

Central Range within which 95.44% of values occur in a standard Normal distribution

A

+- 2 Standard Deviation

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11
Q

Central Range within which 99.74% of values occur in a standard Normal Distribuion

A

+-3 Standard Deviation

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12
Q

Term defining increments of standard deviation located above or below the mean

A

z-score/z-value

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13
Q

Curve showing distribution values as non-symmetrical above/below the mean

A

Skewed Distribution

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14
Q

Curve in which the median is significantly different from the mean

A

Concentration of Values

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15
Q

Term referring to the distribution values above or below a given central portion of a distribuion

A

Tail

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16
Q

A value in a distribution that is substantially higher or lower than a defined central portion

17
Q

The highest and lowest values in a distribution expressed in the units of the research subjects

18
Q

Illustration comparing values of two variables that may be interrelated

A

Scatter plot or scatter diagram

19
Q

Computer-calculated plot or graph estimating the relationship between two variables

A

Trend Line

20
Q

Trend lines that model or forecast estimated values (past or future)using available data

A

Linear model

21
Q

A formal mathematical proof of the Law of Large Numbers

A

Central Limits Theorem

22
Q

Distribution of observed values in a sample often referred to as a “distribution”

A

Sampling Distribution

23
Q

Estimated standard deviation likely among multiple samples

A

Sampling Error or Standard Error

24
Q

Value of Sampling Error defining a range of variability relative to the selected confidence level

A

Margin of Error

25
Most commonly used confidence level with a range of +- 1.96 standard deviation of the mean
95% Confidence Level
26
At a 95% confidence level, Margin of Error defines the range of 95% of possible values
Common Margin of Error
27
Pair of statements used to focus a research objective on two mutually exclusive outcomes
Hypothesis
28
States the hope, fear, expectation or concern of the testing organization
Alternative Hypothesis (HA)
29
States the negation or nullification of the Alternative Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis (H0)
30
Discovery in subsequent study that preliminary acceptance of the (Ha) was inaccurate
Type I Error
31
Discovery in subsequent study that preliminary acceptance of the Ho was inaccurate
Type II Error
32
The proportion of the distribution outside the range of the selected confidence level
Alpha Level
33
Another name for Alpha
Level of Significance
34
The three mutually exclusive pairs of null and alternative hypotheses
Pairs of Hypotheses
35
Tables used to approximate probabilities when standard deviation is unknown
T- Distribuions
36
Value determined by subtracting 1 from the number of distribution observations
Degrees of Freedom