Chapter 1 Terms Flashcards
A way of reasoning with tools, methods and mathematics to help understand data sets
Statistics
Facts in numeric(ordinal), nominal, ration, or interval format used to quantify or describe subjects
Data
The people or things about which we are interested in understanding
Subjects
Inanimate objects or laboratory animals used as subjects of research
Experimental units
A structured set of questions used to gather data from subjects
Survey
A measurable characteristic about subjects used to quantify or describe subjects
Variable
A subject who responds to questions from a survey
Respondent
A person who participates as a subject in research, often referred to as a subject
Participant
The nominally defined subjects for which variables are measured and compared
Elements
Facts comparing one thing to other similar things in a category or class
Cross-sectional data
Facts gathered over time for the purpose of observing trends
Time series Data
A computer program for storing, sorting, and manipulating data
Spreadsheet or worksheet
Columns and rows of data
Data table
Set of data describing a particular subject, element, or experimental unit
Record
Set of elements drawn from a population of similar elements
Sample
A sample composed of randomly identified subjects used to minimize survey bias
Random Sample
A computer program used to randomize data sets to selecting a random sample
Randomizing Program
Preconceived ideas or beliefs of researchers that can influence surveys and research conclusions
Bias
The variability occurring among multiple samples taken from the same population
Sampling Error
A sample of an entire population
Census
Random sample used to estimate characteristics of a specific population
Simple Random Sample
The value of some characteristic of population estimated by using sample statistics
Parameter
Number of times a variable occurs, measured for specific elements and displayed on a table
Frequency
The decimal value each class of the variable represents of the total frequency
Relative Frequency
Percent each class of the variable represents of the total frequency
Relative Percent Frequency
Accumulated decimal value of a hierarchal display of relative frequencies
Cumulative Frequency
Accumulated percentage of relative percent frequencies
Cumulative Percent Frequency
Display showing relative values of variables for specific subjects
Bar chart
Display showing relative values of variables totaling 100%
Pie Chart
The location on a worksheet identified by the column and row in which the data appears
Data cell
An unpredictable outcome of some event
Random Phenomenon
An experiment designed to produce a measurable outcome
Trial
The value of some variable measured for a trial
Outcome
The collection of possible outcomes of trials form performing a series of trails
Event
Relative likelihood of some outcome, given data from a series of trials
Probability
The credibility of forecasts increases with more observations in a data set
Law of Large Numbers
Collection of all possible outcomes for a set of trials
Sample Space
Rectangle containing circles illustrating relative probabilities and total probability of 1.0
Venn Diagram
If only two outcomes are possible, one is known as A, the other A ^ c
Complement Rules
Manually constructed histogram to approxiamte central tendencies of data sets
Stem and leaf Displays
Values describing the characteristics of a large percentage of subjects in a data set
Central Tendencies
The average value for a data set
Mean
The middle value in a hierarchical list of values in a data set
median
The most commonly observed values in a data set
Mode
All outcomes of a data set having equal probability
Uniform Probability Distribution
Values of outcomes are concentrated above or below the mean
Skewed Distribution
Value that is radically different from the central tendencies of the distribution
Outlier
The values of the highest and lowest observations in a data set or within a class of observations
Range
The range of values between the 25th percentile and the 75th percentile
Interquartile Range
