chapter 2: systems of the body Flashcards
1
Q
controls voluntary movement, provides info to the brain re: sensory movement
A
somatic nervous system
2
Q
connects the brain and spinal cord to internal organs, controls involuntary movement
A
autonomic nervous system
3
Q
system that creates energy to respond to stress
A
catabolic system
4
Q
breaking down molecules and energizing the body to deal with a stressor
A
catabolism
5
Q
system that conserves energy and redirects it towards digestion
A
anabolic system
6
Q
sensory
A
afferent
7
Q
motor
A
efferent
8
Q
controls heart regulation, blood pressure, respiration, sneezing/coughing
A
medulla
9
Q
region of the brain where the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum are located
A
hindbrain
10
Q
coordinates voluntary movement, maintains balance and equilibrium, and is related to muscle tone, posture, movement, and strength
A
cerebellum
11
Q
links the midbrain and hindbrain and helps control respiration
A
pons
12
Q
major pathway in the brain for sensory and motor impulses; responsible for auditory and visual reflexes
A
midbrain
13
Q
region of the brain where the thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and the limbic system are located
A
forebrain
14
Q
contains the thalamus and hypothalamus
A
diencephalon
15
Q
recognizes sensory stimulation and relays sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex
A
thalamus
16
Q
regulates water balance, hunger, and sexual appetites; serves as a transition center between thoughts and the body’s physical reactions
A
hypothalamus
17
Q
contains the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and the limbic system
A
telencephalon
18
Q
largest portion of the brain; involved in higher order processing, memory, and personality
A
cerebral cortex
19
Q
related to memory storage, motor impulses
A
frontal lobe
20
Q
processes touch, pain, pressure, temperature
A
parietal lobe
21
Q
processes auditory and olfactory information
A
temporal lobe
22
Q
processes visual information
A
occipital lobe
23
Q
plays an important role in controlling muscle contractions, thinking, and motivation and reward learning
A
basal ganglia
24
Q
brain system that includes the amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus
A
limbic system
25
brain structure that recognizes and responds to threats
amygdala
26
processes and stores emotionally-charged and episodic memories
hippocampus
27
brain structures outside the limbic system that also control emotional functioning
cingulate gyrus, septum
28
chemicals used by the body to regulate nervous system functioning
neurotransmitters
29
stress response neurotransmitters
catecholamines
30
catecholamines
epinephrine and norepinephrine
31
disorder whose main symptom is seizures; no specific cause
epilepsy
32
unknown cause
idiopathic
33
is there a cure/treatment for epilepsy?
treatment, no cure
34
brain damage caused by lack of oxygen to the brain; lack of control over motor movements
cerebral palsy
35
when does cerebral palsy usually occur?
during childbirth
36
is there a cure/treatment for cerebral palsy?
no cure, but non-progressive
37
degeneration of brain tissues resulting in paralysis; autoimmune disorder in which the body attacks the myelin sheath
multiple sclerosis
38
degeneration of the basal ganglia resulting in tremors, slow movement, and rigidity; linked to a lack of dopamine
parkinson's disease
39
hereditary disorder; chronic mental and physical deterioration
huntington's disease
40
degenerative disorder of the brain affecting thinking and memory
alzheimer's disease
41
how many canadians will experience a nervous system disorder?
1 in 3
42
system of slow-acting responses composed of glands that secrete hormones
endocrine system
43
control center of the endocrine system
pituitary gland
44
where is the pituitary gland located?
hypothalamus
45
secretes steroids
adrenal cortex
46
secretes catecholamines
adrenal medulla
47
disorder characterized by abnormally low TSH production; fatigue, weight gain, depression
hypothyroidism
48
disorder characterized by excessive TSH production; excessive sweating, weight loss, fatigue, tremors
hyperthyroidism
49
TSH
thyroid-stimulating hormone
50
chronic disorder in which the body is unable to manufacture or properly use insulin; blood sugar issues, thickening of arteries, vision problems, kidney problems, nerve damage, potential loss of extremities
diabetes
51
diabetes rate in canada
7%
52
autoimmune diabetes type in which the pancreas does not produce enough insulin
type 1
53
diabetes type in which the body does not properly use insulin
type 2
54
the transport system of the body
cardiovascular system
55
structures that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to other organs and tissues
arteries
56
small vessels branching off from the arteries that bring nutrients and oxygen to the cells
capillaries
57
structures that return deoxygenated blood to the heart
veins
58
rhythmic cycle of heart function
cardiac cycle
59
phase of the cardiac cycle when blood is pumped out of the heart, increasing the blood pressure
systole
60
what part of the heart does blood exit from?
aorta
61
phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart relaxes, blood pressure drops, and blood is taken into the heart
diastole
62
what part of the heart does blood reenter through?
vena cava
63
damage caused by a buildup of plaque/cholesterol in the arteries
atherosclerosis
64
what is the main cause of atherosclerosis?
lifestyle/diet
65
which type of diabetes is associated with lifestyle and diet?
type 2
66
chest pain due to heart strain resulting from lack of oxygen or inadequate removal of waste and CO2
angina pectoris
67
cause of angina pectoris
atherosclerosis
68
disorder in which a blood clot blocks the flow of blood to the heart; aka heart attack
myocardial infarction
69
cause of myocardial infarction
atherosclerosis
70
chronically high blood pressure due to high cardiac output or blood flow resistance
hypertension
71
around how much blood is in the human body?
5 litres
72
what is blood made up of?
plasma and blood cells
73
where is blood produced?
bone marrow
74
structures that heal the body by removing foreign substances (think pac man)
white blood cells
75
structures that produce antibodies to fight infection and disease
lymphocytes
76
structures that contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen and CO2 throughout the body
red blood cells
77
structures that are responsible for blood vessel repair and blood clotting
platelets
78
bone marrow disease causing excessive white cells overloading the blood plasma, reducing red blood cells
leukemia
79
a likely result of leukemia
anemia
80
white cell deficiency, susceptible to infection and disease; often in conjunction with other diseases
leukopenia
81
disorder characterized by too few red blood cells and therefore low hemoglobin; fatigue dizziness, cold extremities; associated with iron deficiency
anemia
82
inability of blood to clot
hemophilia
83
system that protects the body from foreign invaders and guards against infection
immune system
84
transmission of infection through bodily contact (e.g. herpes, HIV)
direct transmission
85
transmission of infection through infectious microbes passed on by airborne particles, dust, water, food (e.g. the flu)
indirect contact
86
transmission of infection by which a transmitting agent (e.g. a mosquito) transforms microbes conducive to the human body
biological transmission
87
transmission of an infection by means of a carrier not directly involved in the disease process (e.g. dirty hands, mice, flies)
mechanical transmission
88
the extent to which a microbe is poisonous or damaging
virulence
89
nonspecific symptoms, shares symptoms with depression; associated with the release of cytokines; maladaptive when not fighting illness
sickness behaviour
90
structures that coordinate the immune response
cytokines
91
type of cytokines that cause sickness behaviour and can induce a depression-like state
pro-inflammatory
92
type of cytokines that bring you back to normal following an illness
anti-inflammatory
93
immunity acquired after birth (e.g. contracting an illness, vaccinations)
specific mechanisms
94
subtype of immunity; general set of responses to any kind of infection
nonspecific mechanisms
95
type of nonspecific mechanism including skin and mucous membranes
anatomical barriers
96
type of nonspecific mechanism in which white blood cells increase and are sent to the site of infection to ingest foreign microbes
phagocytosis
97
chemicals mobilized by the body to kill invaders
antimicrobial substances
98
nonspecific mechanism where blood capillaries enlarge, histamine is released, area becomes red and fluids accumulate, white blood cells attach to microbes, pus forms, temperature rises, and a clot forms
inflammatory response
99
the body's nonspecific response to infection
inflammatory response
100
the first defense against many pathogens; a more rapid reaction
natural immunity
101
slower-reacting response to pathogens that works together with natural immunity
specific immunity
102
type of specific immunity mediated by B lymphocytes, provides protection against bacteria, neutralizes toxins, prevents viral reinfection
humoral immunity
103
type of specific immunity mediated by 1) cytotoxic cells and 2) helper T cells; responds to viral infections, fungi, parasites, cancer
cell-mediated immunity
104
type of T lymphocyte that responds to specific antigens and produces toxic substances to destroy infected cells
cytotoxic cells (TC)
105
immune system messengers between cells
cytokines
106
specific mechanism structures that bind to pathogens, aiding recognition by phagocytes
antibodies
107
immune structures that release antibodies
B lymphocytes
108
immune structures that engulf target pathogens
phagocytes
109
drainage system of the body composed of capillaries, vessels, and nodes
lymphatic system
110
aids in the production of B and T cells and removal of worn-out red blood cells
spleen
111
lymphatic structures that filter out microorganisms that enter the respiratory system
tonsils
112
lymphatic structure that helps T cells mature
thymus
113
fosters bidirectional communication between brain, gut, immune system, and endocrine system
microbiome-gut-brain axis
114
disorder caused by bacteria so virulent that the lymph node phagocytes cannot ingest all foreign matter
bacterial infection
115
tumour of the lymphatic tissue
lymphoma
116
malignant tumour of the lymphatic tissue involving enlargement of lymph nodes and inability to produce antibodies
hodgkin's disease
117
immune response attacks the body's own tissue because the body fails to recognize it as its own and produces antibodies to fight it (e.g. arthritis, lupus)
autoimmunity
118
three stages of stress
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
