Chapter 2 States Of Matter And Kinetic Molecular Theory

Question 1

What are the three classical states of matter?

Answer 1

Solid, liquid, gas

Virtually all matter on Earth exists in one of these three states.

Question 2

Describe the characteristics of solids.

Answer 2

Fixed volume and shape

Solids maintain a constant shape and do not conform to the shape of their container.

Question 3

What is a defining feature of liquids?

Answer 3

Fixed volume only; takes the shape of its container

Liquids will fill the bottom of their container but do not have a fixed shape.

Question 4

How do gases behave in terms of volume?

Answer 4

Gases uniformly fill the volume of their container

Gases expand to occupy the entire available space.

Question 5

What is a phase transition?

Answer 5

When matter changes from one state to another

Examples include melting, freezing, condensation, and evaporation.

Question 6

What is a phase transition?

Answer 6

A physical change where the chemical composition remains the same

Phase transitions can include changes such as melting, freezing, condensation, and evaporation.

Question 7

What can induce a phase change in matter?

Answer 7

Increasing or decreasing the temperature above or below certain critical temperatures

Critical temperatures vary depending on the material.

Question 8

What is the definition of melting point?

Answer 8

The temperature at which a given material will transition between the solid and liquid phase

The melting point is a specific characteristic of each substance.

Question 9

What is the boiling point?

Answer 9

The temperature of a liquid at which its vapour pressure equals the external (atmospheric) pressure.

At standard atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is 100°C.

Question 10

What is the melting point of water at standard atmospheric pressure?

Answer 10

0°C

This indicates that water is a liquid at room temperature, which is between the melting and boiling points.

Question 11

What can liquids and gases collectively be called?

Answer 11

Fluids

This is because the particles in liquids and gases are free to move.

Question 12

What provides evidence that matter exists as discrete particles in liquids and gases?

Answer 12

Diffusion and Brownian motion

These phenomena demonstrate the movement and behavior of particles in these states.

Question 13

Fill in the blank: At standard atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is _______.

Answer 13

100°C

Question 14

Fill in the blank: At standard atmospheric pressure, the melting point of water is _______.

Answer 14

0°C

Question 15

What is diffusion?

Answer 15

The spread of particles in a fluid from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Diffusion can be observed with colored particles dispersing in water.

Question 16

What does Brownian motion refer to?

Answer 16

The random movement of microscopic particles suspended in a liquid or a gas

Brownian motion is a phenomenon that can be observed under a microscope.

Question 17

What does the kinetic molecular theory explain?

Answer 17

Many macroscopic properties of matter at the molecular level

The theory posits that matter consists of discrete moving particles.

Question 18

Define temperature in the context of kinetic molecular theory.

Answer 18

A measure of the average kinetic energy of particles that make up a material

Temperature is an important factor in determining the state of matter.

Question 19

What theory explains the properties of states of matter?

Answer 19

Kinetic molecular theory

This theory is based on the relative positions and relative speeds of particles.

Question 20

What does kinetic molecular theory focus on?

Answer 20

Relative positions and relative speeds of particles

This theory helps to explain the behavior of solids, liquids, and gases.