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Grade 10 Chemistry > Chapter 1 Matter And Classification > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Matter And Classification Flashcards

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1
Q

What is matter?

A

Matter can be regarded as anything that occupies space and has mass.

Matter is a fundamental concept in physics and chemistry, encompassing all physical substances.

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2
Q

What is a substance?

A

A substance is a form of matter that has a constant composition and distinct properties.

Substances can be elements or compounds.

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3
Q

List some properties of substances.

A
  • Strength
  • Thermal conductivity
  • Electrical conductivity
  • Magnetic ability
  • Waterproofness
  • Brittleness
  • Malleability
  • Ductility

These properties help in identifying and classifying different substances.

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4
Q

What is heat?

A

Energy in transit; spontaneous energy transfer from a hotter object to a colder object

Heat is a form of energy that flows due to a temperature difference.

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5
Q

What is a thermal conductor?

A

A material that is a good conductor of heat

Examples include most metals and diamond.

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6
Q

What is a thermal insulator?

A

A material that is a poor conductor of heat

Examples include air, ceramics, wood, and polystyrene.

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7
Q

Fill in the blank: Heat is the _______ from a hotter object to a colder object.

A

energy transfer

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8
Q

True or False: Diamond is a thermal insulator.

A

False

Diamond is classified as a thermal conductor.

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9
Q

List three examples of thermal insulators.

A
  • Air
  • Ceramics
  • Wood
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10
Q

Fill in the blank: A good thermal conductor is typically a _______.

A

metal

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11
Q

What is an electrical conductor?

A

A material that is a good conductor of electricity

Examples include copper, water, graphite, and ions in solution.

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12
Q

What is an electrical insulator?

A

A material that does not conduct electricity

Examples include most non-metals and diamond.

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13
Q

Define brittle substances.

A

A material that breaks easily when a force is applied

Examples include pencil lead, glass, and ionic solids.

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14
Q

Fill in the blank: A _______ is a material that is a good conductor of electricity.

A

[electrical conductor]

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15
Q

True or False: Metals are typically good electrical insulators.

A

False

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16
Q

List three examples of brittle substances.

A
  • Pencil lead
  • Glass
  • Ionic solids
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17
Q

What is a ductile substance?

A

A material that can easily be stretched or drawn out without breaking.

Most metals are ductile, such as copper wire.

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18
Q

What is an example of a ductile substance?

A

Copper wire

Copper is commonly used due to its ductility.

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19
Q

What is a malleable substance?

A

A material that is easily shaped or formed through hammering or high pressure processes.

Malleability is a key property of many metals.

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20
Q

What is an example of a malleable substance?

A

Modeling clay

Modeling clay is often used in arts and crafts due to its malleability.

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21
Q

True or False: Most metals are both ductile and malleable.

A

True

Most metals exhibit both properties, allowing them to be shaped and stretched.

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: A material that can be easily shaped or framed through hammering processes is called _______.

A

[malleable substance]

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: A material that can be stretched into wire is called _______.

A

[ductile substance]

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24
Q

What is the primary method for classifying matter?

A

By physical and chemical separation

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25
Q

What are the two main categories of matter?

A

Mixtures and pure substances

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26
Q

Define homogeneous mixtures

A

Mixtures with a uniform composition throughout

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27
Q

Define heterogeneous mixtures

A

Mixtures with a non-uniform composition

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28
Q

What type of matter is formed by chemical separation?

A

Compounds

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29
Q

What are elements?

A

Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

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30
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ are substances that contain carbon and are typically found in living organisms.

A

Organic

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31
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ are substances that do not primarily contain carbon.

A

Inorganic

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32
Q

What are the three categories of elements based on their properties?

A

Metals, semi-metals, non-metals

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33
Q

What is a mixture?

A

A mixture consists of two or more substances.

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34
Q

Do the substances in a mixture retain their individual properties?

A

Yes, the substances retain their individual properties.

35
Q

Can the components of a mixture be separated?

A

Yes, the components can be separated by physical means.

36
Q

Are the substances in a mixture chemically bonded?

A

No, substances in a mixture are not chemically bonded to one another.

37
Q

What are the two main classes of mixtures?

A

Mixtures can be classed as homogeneous or heterogeneous.

38
Q

What is a homogeneous mixture?

A

The composition of homogeneous mixtures is constant throughout.

39
Q

What is another name for homogeneous mixtures?

A

Homogeneous mixtures are also known as solutions.

40
Q

In a solution, what is the substance present in the largest amount called?

A

The substance present in the largest amount is the solvent.

41
Q

In a solution, what is the substance present in the smaller amount called?

A

The substance present in the smaller amount is the solute.

42
Q

What characterizes heterogeneous mixtures?

A

Non-uniform compositions

Heterogeneous mixtures consist of components that are not evenly distributed.

43
Q

Do the constituent substances in heterogeneous mixtures dissolve in each other?

A

No

The substances in heterogeneous mixtures maintain their individual properties and do not form a single phase.

44
Q

What is a suspension?

A

A solid mixed with a liquid

In a suspension, the solid does not dissolve and can be separated by filtration.

45
Q

Give an example of a suspension.

A

Solid cement in water (cement slurry)

This illustrates how solid particles are suspended in a liquid medium.

46
Q

What are two liquids that mix completely called?

A

Miscible

Example: alcohol in water

47
Q

What term describes liquids that do not mix?

A

Immiscible

Example: petrol in water

48
Q

What type of solution do immiscible liquids form?

A

Heterogeneous solution

49
Q

How can immiscible liquids be separated?

A

Using a separating funnel

50
Q

What forms when two immiscible liquids are shaken?

A

Emulsion

Example: olive oil in balsamic vinegar

51
Q

What is an example of recovering salt from brine?

A

Heating the solution to evaporate water

52
Q

What method can be used to separate iron filings from sand?

A

Using a magnet

53
Q

What is the characteristic of sand in relation to magnetism?

A

Non-magnetic

54
Q

What method is used to separate oxygen and nitrogen in air?

A

Fractional distillation

55
Q

Fill in the blank: Two liquids that mix completely are _______.

A

Miscible

56
Q

Fill in the blank: Liquids that do not mix are _______.

A

Immiscible

57
Q

True or False: An emulsion is formed by mixing two miscible liquids.

A

False

58
Q

What is the appearance of an emulsion?

A

Milky-looking liquid

59
Q

What are pure substances?

A

Pure substances consist of one type of substance only and are either elements or compounds.

60
Q

What are elements?

A

Elements are the simplest pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances through chemical means.

61
Q

What are atoms?

A

Atoms are the building blocks of matter and the smallest particle that retains the properties of an element.

62
Q

Give an example of an element.

A

Oxygen.

63
Q

What are diatomic molecules?

A

Diatomic molecules are molecules composed of two atoms, which can be of the same or different elements.

64
Q

List the diatomic molecules.

A
  • H2
  • N2
  • F2
  • O2
  • I2
  • Cl2
  • Br2

A mnemonic for remembering diatomic molecules is ‘Have no fear of ice cold beer.’

65
Q

What is a compound?

A

A compound is a pure substance comprised of two or more elements bonded together through chemical means.

66
Q

What is the significance of fixed chemical composition in compounds?

A

Compounds have a fixed chemical composition where substances are bonded in a constant ratio.

67
Q

Give an example of a compound.

A

Water (H2O).

68
Q

What elements make up water?

A
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
69
Q

In water (H2O), what is the fixed ratio of hydrogen to oxygen?

A

There are always two hydrogen atoms for every one oxygen atom.

70
Q

What does the fixed ratio of elements in compounds provide evidence for?

A

The fixed ratio of elements in compounds provides strong evidence for the atomic model.

71
Q

What are compounds formed through?

A

Chemical processes

Compounds are substances made up of two or more elements that are chemically bonded together.

72
Q

What is the only way to separate compounds into their constituent elements?

A

Chemical processes

Physical processes cannot separate compounds into their elements.

73
Q

What does a chemical reaction involve?

A

Breaking and creation of chemical bonds

This process leads to the transformation of reactants into products.

74
Q

Fill in the blank: Water can be separated into hydrogen and oxygen through _______.

A

Electrolysis

Electrolysis is a method that uses electrical energy to drive a chemical reaction.

75
Q

What is the symbol for nitrogen?

A

N

The symbol for nitrogen is capitalized as it consists of one letter.

76
Q

How is a two-letter element symbol formatted?

A

The first letter is capitalized and the second letter is lowercase.

Example: The symbol for cobalt is Co.

77
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance comprised of two or more elements.

Compounds are formed by the combination of different elements.

78
Q

What information does the formula of a compound provide?

A
  • Which elements are the constituents
  • The ratio of atoms of each component element in the compound

This includes the number of atoms per molecule.

79
Q

What is the chemical formula for carbon dioxide?

A

CO2

Carbon dioxide consists of 1 carbon atom and 2 oxygen atoms.

80
Q

How many hydrogen atoms are in a water molecule?

A

2

A water molecule (H2O) contains 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom.

81
Q

What is the chemical formula for calcium oxide?

A

CaO

Calcium oxide consists of 1 calcium atom and 1 oxygen atom.

82
Q

True or False: The symbol for an element is always derived from its English name.

A

False

Some symbols are derived from the element’s Latin name, making them harder to remember.

83
Q

Fill in the blank: The symbol for cobalt is ______.

A

Co

Cobalt’s symbol follows the two-letter format with the first letter capitalized and the second letter lowercase.

Grade 10 Chemistry (3 decks)

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