Chapter 2 - State-Building, Absolutism, and Constitutionalism in the Trans-Atlantic World Flashcards
1
Q
Who was the regent that looked over the throne of Louis XIV while he was a child?
A
Cardinal Mazarin.
2
Q
What French king was the paragon of absolutism?
A
King Louis XIV.
3
Q
What is absolutism?
A
The King reigns without any Constitutional limitations and his will and edicts are law.
4
Q
What phrase captures the spirit of absolutism?
A
I am the State.
5
Q
What is the basis of absolutism?
A
The Divine Right of Kings
6
Q
What was the Divine Right of Kings?
A
God installed the king on the throne and a King was responsible to God alone. God would judge a King for his actions.
7
Q
What revolution did Louis XIV have to face at the beginning of his reign?
A
The Fronde.
8
Q
Why did the Fronde occur?
A
Due to Mazarin’s oppressive taxation policies.
9
Q
What was Louis XIV’s nickname?
A
Louis the “Sun King”
10
Q
Where was most of Louis XIV’s power based?
A
His popularity.
11
Q
How did Louis XIV transform the nobility?
A
1) Distributing Court Favors
2) Constructing the Palace of Versailles
3) Spent on Public Works
12
Q
What were Court Favors?
A
Titles, Monetary and Land Grants, and Exemptions From Things.
13
Q
What types of activities occurred at Versailles?
A
Parties, Balls and Court Life Focused on the King
14
Q
What is the term used to describe public spending focused on showing the people the King cared about them?
A
Evergetism.
15
Q
What god did Louis XIV associate himself with?
A
Apollo
16
Q
What religious protection did Louis XIV rescind?
A
The Edict of Nantes.
17
Q
What group did the Louis XIV especially persecute?
A
The Jansenists.
18
Q
What process did Louis XIV complete for France?
A
The Conversion of France into a modern nation state.
19
Q
What were the SEVEN important traits of the Modern Nation State?
A
1) A Strong Executive Initially
2) A Measure of Religious Cohesion (With the existence of minority religious groups is some cases.)
3) Uniform Ethnic and Cultural Character
4) A National bureaucracy based on Merit.
5) Mercantilism Was The Predominant Economic System
6) Big and Professional Armies (Standing Armies.)
7) Went to War over 1) Commercial Interests and 2) Ease of Victory for Western States over non-Western States.
20
Q
What is the title given to French Bureaucrats?
A
Intendants
21
Q
Define Mercantilism.
A
The economic system that maximizes exports and minimizes imports.
22
Q
Who was France’s most successful king?
A
Louis XIV.
23
Q
What state became the most powerful nation state in the early 1700s?
A
France.
24
Q
What family was Tsar Alexi, ruler of Russia, part of?
A
The Romanov family.
25
What was the major reform enacted by Tsar Alexei in 1649?
The Codification of Social Structures.
26
What were the practical effects of the Codification of Social Structures?
1) Merged Slaves and Peasants into One Serf Class.
| 2) Cause Lots of Revolutions
27
Who were the landed Aristocracy in Russia?
1) The Small class of Russian Orthodox Priests.
| 2) The Nobility
28
What was the Russian assembly called and how strong was it?
The Assembly of the Land
29
What assembly replaced the Assembly of the Land?
The Russian Duma.
30
Who was the ultimate authority in Russia?
The Tsar.
31
What was the first successful Russian revolution?
The Bolshevik Revolution.
32
Toward what country did Alexei start Russian hostility towards?
Poland.
33
How did Alexei show his hostility to Poland?
By annexing parts of Poland.
34
Why was Poland weak enough to allow nations take parts of its territory?
It had suffered a Ukrainian revolution which weakened its political power to keep its empire in order.
35
Who was in contention for the English throne after Elizabeth I died heirless?
1) James VI King of Scotland
| 2) Mary Queen of Scots
36
Who succeeded Elizabeth I as King of England?
James VI who became James I.
37
What was the reign of James I called?
The Jacobean period.
38
What occurred in regards to culture during the Jacobean period?
A Cultural outpouring marked by Shakespeare and the King James Bible.
39
How did King James treat his Kingship?
He expounded on the divine right of Kings and regularly disheveled parliament.
40
Who inherited the throne after the death of James I?
Charles I.
41
What English philosophers changed the political landscape between James I and Charles I?
1) John Locke contemplating Natural Law.
42
What did Natural Law postulate?
That there may be a higher law the could limit the right of Kings.
43
How did Charles I respond when parliament disagreed with him?
He disbanded it for 11 years.
44
What was the religious trouble Puritans saw in England?
Papist plotters and Anglicans.
45
What religious group did Charles I suppress in Scotland?
Covenanters.
46
How did Charles I attempt to Anglicanize protestants?
By imposing the English Book of Common Prayer.
47
Was Charles I successful in his attempt Anglicanize the Scottish Covenanters?
No.
48
What English special appellate court was harsh to Puritans and Presbyterians?
The Star Court
49
What prompted Charles I to reconvene parliament?
A Need For Funding
50
What did parliament use the session to do?
1) Repeal Charles I's powerful institutions
| 2) Establish the Mandatory Meeting of Parliament.
51
What was the name of the parliament Charles I called in 1640?
The Long Parliament.
52
How did Charles I respond to the Long Parliament's Demands?
By temporarily acquiescing and then re-invading parliament.
53
What were the two factions in the civil war that broke out after Charles I fled England?
Parliamentarians and Royalists.
54
Who led the Parliamentarians?
Oliver Cromwell.
55
What advantage did Cromwell possess over the Royalists?
A New Model Army
56
What two things differentiated the New Model Army from the Royalists?
1) It was Professional
| 2) It was Permanent
57
At what battle did the Parliamentarians defeat the Royalists?
The Battle of Naseby.
58
What did Independents in the military want to change?
They wanted to level social differences and demanded strong political interaction with a semi-populist agenda.
59
What was the nickname of the Independent soldiers who controlled the army?
Levellers.
60
What happened to Charles I after the English Civil War?
He was brought before the Rump Court and executed.
61
What did Cromwell do to English Government after the execution of Charles I?
Established a new, Rump Parliament, and abolished the House of Lords. He set up a republic with himself as head of the Council of State.
62
What did Cromwell do in regards to English Religion?
Banned the use of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer
63
What two nations did Cromwell conquer after becoming the head of state?
1) Ireland
| 2) Scotland
64
How much of the Irish population did Cromwell kill?
30%.
65
How do the Irish respond to Cromwell today?
With the Irish Curse of Cromwell, they basically hate him.
66
What did Parliament do to support England's Economic Efforts against the Dutch?
The First Navigation Act.
67
What did the First Navigation Act do?
Mandated That Imports Were Allowed Only If They Were Carried on English Ships Or Came From English Producers
68
After the parliament had been troublesome to Cromwell, what did he do to the English government?
Abolished the parliament and declared himself Lord-Protector of England. He called it the Protectorate.
69
When was the next parliament after Cromwell convened?
1660.
70
Who did the parliament invite to rule England after the death of Cromwell?
Charles II.
71
What is the decision to make Charles II ruler of England called?
The Restoration.
72
What were Charles II's priorities when he returned to rule?
1) Kill Those Who Killed His Father
| 2) Stop Religious Tension by. Reinstituting the Anglican Book of Prayer.
73
What two tragedies struck England during the reign of Charles II?
1) A Plague
| 2) The Great Fire of London
74
How did parliament respond to speculate that the King was Catholic?
1) Making him swear he wasn't
| 2) Passing the Test Act which required him to be allegiant to the Anglican Church
75
What two parties occurred after the Test Act and what did each side believe?
1) Tories - Royalists Who Denounced the Test Act
| 2) Whigs - Parliamentarians who Supported the Test Act
76
Who succeed the throne after the death of Charles II?
James II.
77
What religion did James II adhere to?
Catholicism.
78
What did James II do to alarm the people of Great Britain?
1) Established a Large Standing Army
2) Enacted the Declaration of Indulgence Which Granted Religious Freedom to Catholics and Protestants
3) Filled High Level Positions With Catholics.
79
What sparked the movement to overthrow James II?
The Birth of a Son Who Would Probably Be Raised Catholic
80
Who did Parliament Invite to Overthrow James II?
William III of Orange and Mary II.
81
What was the condition of William of Orange and Mary ruling Britain?
Their monarchy would be limited by Parliament.
82
What was the revolution sparked by Parliament called?
The Glorious Revolution
83
Did James II try to fight the Parliament's plans?
No, he ceded the Kingdom peacefully.
84
What limitations did the Parliament place on William and Mary?
1) No Raising and Army or Taxes Without Parliament
2) Had To Call Parliament Once Every Three Years
3) Elections Would Be Free of Royal Interference
4) No Ability to Suspend Laws.
85
What battle ended James II attempt to retake the throne?
Battle of the Boyne.
86
What were the supporters of James II's line called?
Jacobites.
87
What Empire was Prussia a part of?
The Holy Roman Empire
88
What was the ethnic composition of Prussia?
Ethnic Germans
89
Who transformed Russian into a highly-rigid-politico-military state?
Fredrick William I.
90
What did Fredrick Trade his power for?
A strong military and the right of taxation.
91
What united the HRE and what disunited them?
United: A Strong Family Line of Rule - Austrian Habsburg
Disunited: The Ethnic and Religious Difficulties
92
What enemies did the HRE have?
1) Independent Northern German States (Like Prussia)
2) Russia
3) Poland
4) The Ottoman Turks
93
What group attempted to capture the city of Vienna?
The Ottoman Turks
94
What day did Poland help defeat the Ottoman's at Vienna?
September 11th.
95
Who was the leader of the Polish force at Vienna?
King Jan Sobieski III.
96
What was significant about the Polish Force?
It was the largest calvary charge in history.
97
What two authors stand out in the late 17th century conversation about political philosophy?
1) Thomas Hobbes
| 2) John Locke
98
What was Hobbes famous work titled?
Leviathan.
99
What did Leviathan argue?
There is a contract with the ruler to protect the ruled from ourselves. This contract is permanent and basically unlimited.
100
What did Locke believe governed man's actions?
Natural Law.
101
What type of government did lock advocate?
A Contractual government.
102
What structure did society have in the 1700s in Europe?
1) Traditional
2) Hierarchical
3) Privileged
103
What helped create a stronger and more easily sustainable European population?
The Agricultural Revolution.
104
What future revolution did the Agricultural Revolution make possible?
The Industrial Revolution.
105
How did Europeans Increase Food Production?
1) New Technology Such as Farm Machinery
2) New Foods Were Introduced to the European Diet
3) More land was brought under cultivation.
106
What two foods were most impactful to the European Diet?
1) Corn
| 2) Potatoes
107
What Impact did the Agricultural Revolution have on European Population?
1) A massive increase From 60 million in 1500 to 200 million in 1800.
2) An increasing urbanization and development of large cities.
108
What happens to Western Civilization after the 1500s?
It becomes centered on the rest of the world instead of simply Europe and the Mediterranean.
109
What are the two eras of imperialism called and when did each occur?
Old Imperialism - 1500 - 1800
| New Imperialism- 1860 -1930
110
Define Imperialism.
The extension of one country's rule, dominance, dominance, and/or strong influence over another country.
111
What were the means used to establish Imperialism?
1) Financial Policies
2) Joint Business Ventures
3) Forced Trade Concessions
4) Establishing Puppet Regimes
5) Intervening in Local Conflicts By Providing Weapons to One Side of the Conflict
112
Where did Old Imperialism transport Western Culture?
1) North America
2) North Africa
3) Latin America
4) China,
5) Southeast Asia
6) India
113
Why did Western Europeans Expand Around the Globe?
1) God
2) Gold
3) Glory
114
How did Mercantilism view economic gain?
As a zero-sum gain
115
How did Mercantilist states try to thrive?
1) Establishing Closed Trading Systems In Their Own Colonies
| 2) Selling to Other Countries as Much as Possible
116
What became a large cause of conflict in the 1800s?
Trade
117
How did Western Europe expand around the globe?
Through Military Superiority
118
What two pieces of military technology gave Western Nations a Key Military Advantage?
1) Ship-Based Artillery
| 2) Early Muskets
119
What two navigational devices made long distance journeys more feasible?
1) Cartography
| 2) Astrolabe
120
Describe the Timeline of Naval Superiority from 1450-1760.
1450-1600 - Spain and Portigal
1600-1650 - The Dutch
1650 - 1750 - France and England
1750-1760 - England
121
Where were the most profitable colonies in the New World?
The Caribbean and India
122
What were the ramifications of Europe's worldwide reach?
1) A Global Economy That Went From Mercantilism to Capitalism
2) There were no more major isolated civilizations on earth
3) The Human Disease Pool Became International and Granted New Immunities Along With Thousands of Death
4) A global plant and animal exchange increased the food supply and provided new luxuries
5) Global Population Explosion
6) The Increase of Slavery among Africans Built Economic Growth in the Western World.
7) Non-Western Subordination to Western Civilizations
8) Christianity became the world's most popular religion
9) Western Culture placed more emphasis on curiosity, daring, and ruthlessness.
123
What was good about European Dominance?
1) Modernization of Non-Western Areas
124
What was bad about European Dominance?
1) Non-Western States Were Exploited and oppressed
| 2) Whole Civilizations Were Destroyed
125
How should Christians view European expansion?
Both Good and Bad.
126
What was H. Richard Niebuhr's view of Western Expansion?
States are not held to the commands of personal morality, so it's optional.
