Chapter 1 - Transition to the Modern Period

Question 1

Define the Five Aspects of the Modern Era.

Answer 1

1) Politically - An Assumption of Individual Rights of Man and Contractual Government.
2) Economically - Embraces the Idea of Economic Freedom (Impossible Without #1)
3) Religiously - The Individual Has a Right to Worship as He Sees Fit. (No submission to a single religious leader such as the Pope)
4) Culturally - Farm More Rapid and Varied Artistic Styles in a Shorter Period of Time than Before. This Stems from the valuing of the individual’s opinion
5) Intellectually - Marked by the Adoption of the Scientific Method

Question 2

How did Charles V humiliate the Pope?

Answer 2

By sacking Rome and the Vatican.

Question 3

In the early 1500s who ruled the Holy Roman Empire?

Answer 3

Charles V.

Question 4

What was the war that decimated the French, Turks, and Holy Roman Empire?

Answer 4

The Hapsburg-Valois-Ottoman Wars.

Question 5

Who lost in the War?

Answer 5

The French and Ottoman Turks Were Defeated Heavily.

Question 6

What battle ended the march of the Turks in the Hapsburg-Valois-Ottoman Wars?

Answer 6

The First Siege of Vienna.

Question 7

What religious concept came from the Peace of Augsburg?

Answer 7

Whoever is sovereign passes their religion to the nation.

Question 8

What country faced the most extreme religious transition?

Answer 8

France.

Question 9

What was the group of French Protestants that made up approximately 1/3 of the French population?

Answer 9

The Huguenots

Question 10

What Happened on St. Bartholomew’s Day in 1572?

Answer 10

French Crowds and Soldiers Murdered Thousands of Huguenots who were in the city for a royal wedding.

Question 11

What did the pope do the day after the massive slaughter of Huguenots?

Answer 11

Issued a coin praising France for the Slaughter of the Huguenots.

Question 12

Who is though to have masterminded the massacre?

Answer 12

1) Queen Mother Catherine De Medici

2) The Guise Family

Question 13

Who took the French throne after the massacre and why was he controversial?

Answer 13

Henry IV. He was a Calvinist who converted to Catholicism in order to maintain the throne.

Question 14

What did Henry IV urge do to religious tolerance in France?

Answer 14

He encourage limited toleration to the Huguenots.

Question 15

What was the title given to the emerging bureaucrats in the Nation-State of France?

Answer 15

The Politique

Question 16

What act gave some tolerance to the beliefs of French Huguenots?

Answer 16

The Edict of Nantes.

Question 17

What groups were not protected by the Edict of Nantes?

Answer 17

Radical groups like the Jansenists.

Question 18

Who was the major world power in the 16th century?

Answer 18

Spain.

Question 19

What treaty gave Portugal control of Brazil?

Answer 19

the Treaty of Tordesillas.

Question 20

Name a Spanish Conquistador who was disgraced for not finding cities of gold?

Answer 20

Christopher Columbus.

Question 21

How did a Conquistador beat armies of 100,000+ warriors in the New World?

Answer 21

1) The Western Way of War

2) To a Lesser Extent a Technological Difference.

Question 22

Define the Western Way of War.

Answer 22

One decisive action with full force to decapitate an army with one attack.

Question 23

Define how the Aztecs fought wars.

Answer 23

Long and drawn out in order to maximize the amount of human sacrifices they could make.

Question 24

How many times did Cortez escape Aztec capture?

Answer 24

Three times.

Question 25

What did Spain use the new found gold to do?

Answer 25

Build new churches such as Saint Pete's Basilica or the Great Cathedral of Cordoba,

Question 26

How did the King of Spain treat the newly found land?

Answer 26

He allowed those who conquered the land to administer it and own it.

Question 27

How were the native populations of the New World administered by the Spanish?

Answer 27

The encomienda system.

Question 28

Describe the encomienda system.

Answer 28

Natives were required to work the lands and supply a certain amount of gold. If natives didn't they faced maiming or execution.

Question 29

Where did the Spanish extend their control in the later half of the 16th century?

Answer 29

The Lowlands. (Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, and parts of France.)

Question 30

In what war did the Dutch resist Spanish control?

Answer 30

The 80 Years War

Question 31

Why were the Dutch unable to permanently remove the Spanish?

Answer 31

They were unable to have a central figure who could unite them.

Question 32

Who did the Dutch even ask to lead them?

Answer 32

Elizabeth I (The Queen of England.)

Question 33

What was the Spanish Fury?

Answer 33

When the Spanish soldiers took their pay from the Dutch when the Spanish government was bankrupt.

Question 34

When did the Dutch gain their independence?

Answer 34

1648.

Question 35

Who was the King of Spain during the 16th Century?

Answer 35

Phillip II.

Question 36

Who was Phillip II the son of

Answer 36

Charles.

Question 37

Which Spanish King claimed Portugal as his own?

Answer 37

Phillip II.

Question 38

In what battle did the Spanish join the Pope to defeat the Turks in 1571?

Answer 38

The Battle of Lepanto.

Question 39

What Battle marked the start of the decline of the Ottoman Empire?

Answer 39

The Battle of Lepanto.

Question 40

What caused there to be confusion as to the next heir of the English throne?

Answer 40

Henry VIII search for a male heir.

Question 41

What is the child that Henry VIII and Catherine had?

Answer 41

Mary.

Question 42

What was Mary's faith?

Answer 42

Catholic.

Question 43

Who did Henry VIII marry after divorcing his wife Catherine?

Answer 43

Anne Boleyn.

Question 44

What child did Anne Boleyn bear with Henry VIII?

Answer 44

Elizabeth.

Question 45

Who did Henry VIII marry after Anne Boleyn's death?

Answer 45

Jane Seymour

Question 46

Who did Jane Seymour bear with Henry VIII?

Answer 46

Edward.

Question 47

Who did Henry VIII marry after Jane Seymour died?

Answer 47

Anne of Cleves.

Question 48

Who did Henry VII marry after Anne of Cleves?

Answer 48

Catherine Howard.

Question 49

Who did Henry VIII marry after he beheaded Catherine Howard?

Answer 49

Catherine of Parr.

Question 50

Who took the throne after King Henry VIII died?

Answer 50

Edward VI.

Question 51

Who took the throne after Edward VI died of tuberculosis?

Answer 51

Jane Grey.

Question 52

Who removed Jane Grey from the throne and took the throne?

Answer 52

Mary I.

Question 53

Who did Mary I marry in order to cement her rule?

Answer 53

Phillip II of Spain.

Question 54

In what religious direction did Edward VI attempt to lead the protestants?

Answer 54

Towards a largely protestant faith.

Question 55

What is Mary best known for?

Answer 55

Her persecution of Protestants.

Question 56

What was Queen Mary I's nickname?

Answer 56

Bloody Mary.

Question 57

Why was there controversy as to who was to take the throne after the death of Mary I?

Answer 57

Because she failed to produce a male heir.

Question 58

Who was in contention for the throne after the death of Mary I?

Answer 58

Mary Queen of Scots and Elizabeth.

Question 59

Who took the throne after the death of Mary I?

Answer 59

Elizabeth I.

Question 60

What event improved the popularity of Elizabeth I?

Answer 60

The Defeat of the Spanish Armada's Invasion of England in 1588

Question 61

Why did Philip II invade England?

Answer 61

Because as the husband of Mary I he thought he had the right to his wife's property.

Question 62

Who subsidized the invasion?

Answer 62

Pope Sixtus V.

Question 63

What happened to English Culture during the Reign of Elizabeth I?

Answer 63

1) Continued Protestantization of England. 2) The Importance of the Common Man Increased 3) The Renewed Secular Mindset

Question 64

What person's plays demonstrated the cultural change that occurred in Britain during the reign of Elizabeth I?

Answer 64

Shakespeare

Question 65

What war put the nail in coffin of religion's primacy in politics?

Answer 65

The Thirty Years' War.

Question 66

What event sparked the war?

Answer 66

The Defenestration of Prague.

Question 67

What was the Defenestration of Prague?

Answer 67

When Protestants picked up some Catholic electors and hurled them out of a window in protest.

Question 68

What Battle crushed the Bohemian Protestant revolt?

Answer 68

The Battle of White Mountain.

Question 69

Was the Thirty Years War a Religious War or a Civil War?

Answer 69

A German Civil War.

Question 70

Who did the Holy Roman Emperor rely on to keep the protestants in check?

Answer 70

A Protestant general Albrecht von Wallenstein.

Question 71

Who did the French rely on to attack the HRE?

Answer 71

Cardinal Richelieu and a Protestant Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus.

Question 72

What war ended the Spanish dominance?

Answer 72

The Thirty Years War.

Question 73

What Treaty Ended the Thirty Years War?

Answer 73

The Peace of Westphalia.

Question 74

What Two Treaties Were a Part of the Peace of Westphalia?

Answer 74

The Treaty of Munster and the Treaty of Osnabruck.

Question 75

What Were the Consequences of the Thirty Years War?

Answer 75

1) Religion Would Never Hold the Same Importance in the Modern Era. (People Wouldn't Fight Solely Over Religion) 2) Exacerbated Politics Within Nation States (Kings Dying and the Like) 3) The French Positioned Themselves to Win and Won Big. 4) The West Faced a Depression With Soaring Inflation. This led to the disappearance of the Peasant class in the North and the Move to Cities. 5) Germany was Devastated. 25% of its population died but it had independence and freedom of religion. 6) The first true Diplomatic Congress of the west of formed and normalized this occurrence in modern international politics. 7) Larger Armies Were Used Than Ever Before 8) Power Shifted From the South (Italy and Spain) to the North (France, England, and Germany.) 9) States began relying on their colonies and using Mercantilism. 10) Governments Got Large to Fight the War and Prompted Education for Significant Government Posts 11) State Authority Superseded Ethnic or Religious Qualifications. The raison d'etat (the state's interests) were crucial and Kings maintained large courts and impress the populous and maintain absolute authority.

Question 76

What colonies were sought after in the New World?

Answer 76

The Caribbean colonies.

Question 77

What French jurist defended a Strong Monarchy?

Answer 77

Jean Bodin.

Question 78

What is the belief that the King has total authority to run the state as he sees fit?

Answer 78

Absolutism

Question 79

What art form demonstrated a change in worldview that happened in the modern period?

Answer 79

Theater.

Question 80

What values did English and other theater express that were relatively unheard of at the time?

Answer 80

Secular Values.

Question 81

What prominent English Theater held audiences that could watch Shakespeare's plays?

Answer 81

The Globe Theater.

Question 82

What translation of the Bible was formed during the transition to the Modern Era?

Answer 82

The King James Bible.

Question 83

What did the visual arts see a rise in, in the late 16th century?

Answer 83

Mannerism

Question 84

What was Mannerism?

Answer 84

A style of art that distorted perspective or subject matter in order to convey a message or theme

Question 85

List two famous Mannerists.

Answer 85

1) Michaelangelo | 2) El Greco

Question 86

What form of art did Mannerism give way to?

Answer 86

Baroque Art.

Question 87

What was Baroque style?

Answer 87

Utilized exaggerated lighting to point to a single subject. Expressed intense emotions and disregarded restraint.

Question 88

List three famous Baroque Artists.

Answer 88

1) Rubens 2) Rembrandt 3) Caravaggio

Question 89

What two Baroque Architects stand out?

Answer 89

1) Borromini | 2) Berini

Question 90

Name two buildings made by Bernini that demonstrate the characteristics of Baroque Architecture.

Answer 90

1) Fontana dei Quattro Fumi | 2) Ecstasy of Santa Teresa

Question 91

What changed in music during the Baroque Era?

Answer 91

The development of Protestant Hymnal Music and Growing Importance of the Organ

Question 92

What is the most famous Baroque Musician?

Answer 92

Bach

Question 93

What classical period idea was extremely important to the foundation of modernity?

Answer 93

Natural Law.

Question 94

Define Natural Law.

Answer 94

The laws of nature stand above the actions of any person and give legitimacy to government.

Question 95

What jurist popularized the idea of Natural Law.

Answer 95

Hugo Grotius.

Question 96

What rights should government defend under Natural Law?

Answer 96

Natural Rights (Life, Body, Freedom, and Honor.)

Question 97

What is another resurrected idea of modernism besides natural law?

Answer 97

Skepticism.

Question 98

Who popularized Skepticism?

Answer 98

Michael de Montaigne.

Question 99

What is Skepticism?

Answer 99

Man cannot trust their own judgement alone in evaluating things.

Question 100

What are the two easily identifiable products of Skepticism?

Answer 100

1) The Scientific Method. | 2) The Acknowledgement that Reason is Fallen.

Question 101

What is the adoption of the Scientific Method called?

Answer 101

The Scientific Revolution.

Question 102

What is the Scientific Method?

Answer 102

1) Formulate a Question 2) Propose a Hypothesis 3) Design Tests to Examine the Validity of the Hypothesis 4) Use the Data to Make Conclusion About the Hypothesis 5) Adapt the Hypothesis as Needed.

Question 103

Who is given credit for the codification of the Scientific | Method?

Answer 103

Sir Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes.

Question 104

What was the main reasoning used in the pre-modern period?

Answer 104

Deductive Logic (A=B, B=C, A=C)

Question 105

What form of reasoning became popular in the modern period?

Answer 105

Inductive Reasoning

Question 106

Who discovered the law of planetary motion?

Answer 106

Johannes Kepler.

Question 107

Who discovered the Telescope?

Answer 107

Galileo Galilei.

Question 108

Who's theory of heliocentricism did Galileo build on?

Answer 108

Copernicus

Question 109

Who made the most significant use of the Scientific Method?

Answer 109

Sir Isaac Newton.

Question 110

What did Newton primarily discover and what is it nicknamed?

Answer 110

1) The Law of Universal Gravitation - Newtonian Physics

Question 111

What two seemingly contradictory ideas did Newton remedy?

Answer 111

Faith and Science.