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Clinical Parasitology🦠 > Chapter 2 - Specimen Collection > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Specimen Collection Flashcards

1
Q

Protozoan may contain

A

Trophozoites and Cyst

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2
Q

Helminths may contain

A

Proglottids
Eggs
Larvae
Adult worms

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3
Q

Most common procedure performed

A

O & P

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4
Q

2 components of Routine Parasitology

A

Microscopic
Macroscopic

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5
Q

How many stool sample should be collected

A

Typical - 3x (in 10 days since every other day)
Amebiasis - 6x (in 14 days)

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6
Q

Patients stool sample should be collected 5 to 7 days after medication, what medications

A

Bismuth, barium, mineral oil

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7
Q

Patients collection of stool sample should be collected after 2 weeks due to?

A

Antibiotic and Antimalarial medication

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8
Q

Acceptable amount of stool

A

2-5 g
Size of a walnut

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9
Q

Water can destroy

A

Schistosome
Eggs
Amebic trophozoites

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10
Q

Stool contaminated with toilet water may contain

A

Fee-living protozoa
Nematodes

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11
Q

OSHA means

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

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12
Q

Form of Protozoa found in fresh stool

A

Trophozoites

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13
Q

Not as sensitive and can live longer outside the host

A

Protozoan cyst, helminth eggs and larvae

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14
Q

What does liquid stool contain? What is it viability?

A

Trophozoites, 30 mins

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15
Q

What does solid stool contain? Its viability?

A

Cyst, 24 hrs

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16
Q

What does semisolid stool contain? Viability?

A

Cyst and trophozoites, 1 hr

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17
Q

Ideal specimen for parasitic examination

A

Freshly collected stool

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18
Q

2 Formalin Concentration

A

5% Protozoan cyst
10% Helminth eggs and larvae

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19
Q

What is the purpose of fixatives for the collection of stool samples

A

Preserve the morphology of protozoa and prevent further development of helminths

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20
Q

Stool and fixative ratio

A

1 part of stool : 3 parts of fixative

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21
Q

Specimen must be fixed in fixative for atleast…

A

30 minutes

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22
Q

Advantage of Formalin fixative

A
  • Easy to perform
  • long shelf life
  • easy to prepare
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23
Q

Disadvantage of Formalin fixative

A
  • Does not preserve morphology of parasite adequately in permanent stained smear
  • trophozoites cannot be recovered
  • cyst and helminth eggs and larvae may fade in time
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24
Q

Formalin fixative is primarily for

A
  • Direct examination (WPT)
  • Concentration technique
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25
Q

PVA fixative is usually with

A

Schaudin’s solution (zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, mercuric chloride)

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26
Q

Advantage of PVA

A
  • long shelf life @room temperature
  • easy to perform
  • PREPARATION OF STAINED SMEAR
  • recovery of trophozoites and cyst
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27
Q

Disadvantage of PVA

A
  • contains mercuric chloride
  • can perform concentration technique but not as effective as formalin
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28
Q

Alternative for PVA

A

Sodium Acetate formalin

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29
Q

Advantage of Sodium Acetate Formalin

A
  • Does not have Mercuric chloride
  • can be used in concentration technique and permanent stained smear
  • one-vial system
  • easy to prepare
  • easy to perform
  • detection of COCCIDIAN OOCYSTS
  • used in Modified acid-fast stain
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30
Q

Disadvantage of SAF

A
  • Adhesive properties is not good (addition of albumin)
  • protozoa morphology not clear as with PS with mercuric chloride
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31
Q

Modified Polyvinyl Alcohol

A
  • used for concentration and Permanent stained smear
  • uses copper sulfate / zinc sulfate (preferred)
  • do not provide adequate preservation of protozoan in stained smear
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32
Q

Alternative Single-Vial system

A
  • nontoxic fixatives
  • free of formalin and mercury
  • use in fecal immunoassay
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33
Q

Purpose of fixatives for the collection of stool samples

A

Preserve the morphology of protozoa and prevent further development of helminth eggs

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34
Q

Macroscopic Examination includes

A
  • Color (patients condition)
  • Consistency (parasite present)
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35
Q

Gross appearance

A

PAMP

P - pus
A - adult worms
M - mucus
P - proglottids

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36
Q

Bright red stool

A

Irritation or bleeding

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37
Q

Blood or stool w/ mucus

A

Amebic parasite

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38
Q

Hard Stool

A

Dark brown
C. Fibrous

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39
Q

Soft stool

A

Black
Fiber scanty - moderate

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40
Q

Mushy

A

Brown
Colloidal

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41
Q

Loose

A

Pale brown
Scanty mucus

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42
Q

Diarrheic

A

Clay
Much mucus

43
Q

Watery/Liquidy

A

Yellow
Mucus with scanty blood

44
Q

Formed

A

Red-brown
Blood, barium

45
Q

Semiformed

A

Green

46
Q

Microscopic Examination (O&P) three distinct procedure

A

Wet mount Preparation
Concentration technique
Permanent stained smear

47
Q

Wet mount preparation (stage of parasite)

A
  • Trophozoites
  • used unfixed stool
48
Q

Two method of Direct wet mount

A

DIRECT SALINE WET PREP
- 0.85% saline
- 3x2 inch slide; 22mm cover slip
- low power (10x)
- not recommended in Oil immersion unless (with/vaseline as temporary seal — 100x obj)

DIRECT IODINE WET PREP
- detail protozoan cyst
- Lugol’s & D’ Antonis
- iodine kill trophozoites

49
Q

Screening of slide should take atleast

A

10 minutes

50
Q

Concentration technique is for?

A
  • Detect small present of parasites
  • aggregate parasite and remove fecal debris
  • can be used in fresh/preserved stool
  • trophozoites dont usually survive
51
Q

2 types of Concentration Technique

A

SEDIMENTATION
FLOTATION

52
Q

Widely used concentration solution

A

FEAS (formalin Acetate sedimentation)

Advantage
- easy to perform
- provides good recovery of parasite

DISADVANTAGE
- more fecal debris

53
Q

ZINC SULFATE SG

A

1.18-1.20

54
Q

ZINC SULFATE FLOTATION

A
  • more debris removed
  • clearer preparation

DISADVANTAGE
- some helminths are dense wont flow

55
Q

Final procedure in O&P examination

A

Permanent stained smear

56
Q

Purpose of Permanent stained smear

A

Confirm the presence of cysts and trophozoites

57
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis

A

Only possess trophozoites, not be detected by WMP, needs PS

58
Q

Helminths eggs and larvae may appear what in PS; Recommended method

A

Darkened
Distorted
- CONCENTRATION TECHNIQUE

59
Q

Most widely used permanent stain

A

WHEATLEY TRICHROME

60
Q

Provides excellent morphology of intestinal protozoa, but is time consuming

A

Iron hematoxylin

61
Q

Genus being stained by Modified acid-fast chain

A

Cryptosporidium
Isospora
Cyclospora
- Yeast

62
Q

Modified iron hematoxylin is incorporated with

A

CARBOL FUCHSIN

63
Q

Antigen detection methods are available for specific INTESTINAL PROTOZOA like

A
  • Entomoeba histolytica
  • Giardia intestinalis
  • Cryptosporidium spp.

ECG

64
Q

Duodenal Material may be collected through

A

Nasogastric intubation
Enterotest (Enteric capsule test)

65
Q

DUODENAL MATERIAL OBTAINED PARASITES

A

GCISFC (Gold Chocolate Is Sweet, Fantastic, Crunchy)
Giardia intestinalis t.
Cryptosporidium spp.
Isospora belli
Strongyloides stercolaris
Fasciola hepatica
Clonorchis sinensis

66
Q

Sigmoidoscopy material is oftenly used for the detection of?

A

Entamoeba histolytica;
++COCCIDIAN, MICROSPORIDIA

67
Q

Sigmoidoscopy material can be obtained through

A

Aspiration or scrapping BY WET PREP AND PERMANENT STAINED SMEAR

68
Q

Choice for detection of Enterobius vermicularis

A

Cellophane tape preparation

69
Q

Aside from E.vermicularis what can be obtained with Cellophane tape prep

A

Taenia spp.

70
Q

Parasites that can be retrieved FROM BLOOD

A

MBPTL - (My Big Pasta Taste Luxurious)
Microsporidia
Babesia
Plasmodium spp
Trypanosoma
Leishmania donovani

71
Q

What blood sample provide best morphology of parasite

A

Capillary blood sample

72
Q

Blood that is milked will cause

A

Diluted with tissue fluids

73
Q

Malarial blood smear must be prepared within

A

1 hour only

74
Q

Smear for Blood screening purposes

A

Thick smear

75
Q

Smear for species identification

A

Thin

76
Q

Permanent stain for thick and thin smear

A

Wright’s stain
Giemsa stain (preferred)

77
Q

Knott technique is for

A

Low concentration of Microfilariae

78
Q

Ration of blood and solution in KNOTT TECHNIQUE

A

1:10
1 ml blood : 10 ml 2% Formalin

79
Q

Speed and duration of centrifuge for KNOTTS TECHNIQUE

A

500 x g for 1 min

80
Q

Smear and stain for Knotts

A

Thick smear; GIEMSA

81
Q

Retrieved using capillary pipette in oxalated blood/citrated blood

A

Buffy coat

82
Q

Speed and duration of centrifuge of BUFFY COAT

A

300 x g for 30 minutes

83
Q

Species recovered from in Culture Method

A

Trypanosoma
Leishmania

84
Q

Medium used for Blood culture

A

NNN (Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle)

85
Q

Antibiotic added in NNN

A

Penicillin

86
Q

CSF is used in conditions like

A

African sleeping sickness
Amebic conditions

87
Q

Parasites recovered from CSF

A

TAN (TAKE AS NO)
Acanthamoeba spp
Naegleria fowleri
Trypanosoma spp.

88
Q

Parasites recovered in CNS

A

TEMT
Toxoplasma gondii
Microsporidia
Taenia solium cystericus larvae
Echinococcus

89
Q

TISSUE AND BIOPSY

A

Leishmania spp.
Toxoplasma gondii

++
Free living ameba
Trypanosoma
Trichinella spiralis
Microsporidia

90
Q

Parasites recovered from SPUTUM

A

SAHEEP

Strongyloides stercolaris
Ascaris lumbricoides
Hookworms
Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba gingivalis
Paragonimus westermani

91
Q

Parasites recovered from URINE AND GENITAL MATERIAL

A

Schistosoma haematobium
Trichomonas vaginalis

92
Q

Parasites recovered from EYE

A

MALT
Acanthamoeba keratitis;

Toxoplasma gondii
Loa loa
Microsporidia

93
Q

What gram bacteria needed in the culture of eye specimen

A

Gram-negative bacteria

94
Q

Stain used in culture of acanthamoeba keratitis

A

Calcofluor white

95
Q

Color of Acanthamoeba cyst in calcofluor stain

A

Green apple

96
Q

MOUTH SCRAPINGS AND NASAL DISCHARGE

A

Mouth
E.gingivalis
Trichomonas tenax

Nasal discharge
N.fowleri

97
Q

SKIN NIPS

A

Onchocerca volvulus

98
Q

2 method for skin nips

A

Scleral punch
Use of razor

99
Q

Presence that confirm onchocerca volvulus

A

Jerky movement of microfilariae

100
Q

Not a common means of detecting a parasite

A

Culture method

101
Q

Parasite Recovered in Culture methods

A

(LETTT)
E.histolytica
T.vaginalis
Leishmania spp.
T.cruzi
T.gondii

102
Q

Animal inoculation

A

Toxoplasma
Leishmania
Trypanosoma

103
Q

Technique for the diagnosis of Chaga’s disease

A

Xenodiagnosis

Clinical Parasitology🦠 (3 decks)

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