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Psychology of Learning > Chapter 2 - Research Methods > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Single-subject designs

A

studies requiring only one or a few participants to conduct an entire experiment

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2
Q

Case studies vs. SS designs

A

case studies describe, SS designs manipulate

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3
Q

Advantages of single-subject designs

A

we don’t lose information due to averaging, more efficient and specific to individuals

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4
Q

Disadvantages of single-subject designs

A

we lose external validity and generalizability

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5
Q

Baseline

A

the normal frequency of a behavior that occurs before intervention

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6
Q

A-phase

A

baseline period

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7
Q

B-phase

A

treatment or experimental period

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8
Q

True or False: no statistics are used in SS designs

A

True !

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9
Q

Simple comparison design (AB)

A

comparing behavior in a baseline condition to behavior in a treatment condition

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10
Q

What is the disadvantage to a simple comparison design?

A

poor internal validity

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11
Q

Reversal design (ABA/ABAB)

A

involves repeated alternations between a baseline period and a treatment period

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12
Q

Limitations of a reversal design

A

cannot be used when intervention causes permanent changes or when it would be unethical to remove an effective intervention

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13
Q

Multiple baseline design

A

a treatment / intervention is instituted at successive points in time for two or more persons, settings, or behaviors

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14
Q

Multiple baselines across persons

A

measuring behavior across 2 + people

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15
Q

Multiple baselines across settings

A

measuring behavior of one person in 3 different settings

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16
Q

Multiple baselines across behaviors

A

measure more than one target behavior

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17
Q

Benefits of multiple baseline design

A

appropriate where treatment may cause long-term change and where removal is unethical

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18
Q

Limits of multiple baseline design

A

more complex design, when used on same person effects may generalize across settings / behavior

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19
Q

Changing criterion design

A

effect of a treatment is demonstrated by how closely the behavior matches a criterion that is systematically altered (gradually change over time)

20
Q

Operational definition

A

turning a concept of interest into a measured or manipulated variable

21
Q

A good operational definition will be (3)

A

objective, clear, and complete

22
Q

What are the three measures of time?

A

duration, speed, latency

23
Q

Duration

A

want to increase or decrease the length of time a behavior occurs

24
Q

Speed

A

want to increase or decrease the time to complete a task (clear beginning and end)

25
Q

Latency

A

want to increase or decrease time to begin a task

26
Q

What are the two measures of frequency?

A

rate of response, and number of errors

27
Q

Rate of response

A

number of responses (behaviors) in a given period

28
Q

Number of errors

A

count of incorrect responses within a given period / task

29
Q

What are the two measures of proportion?

A

interval recording and time-sample recording

30
Q

What is the purpose of measures of proportion?

A

to assess proportion of measured time where a behavior occurs, used when impractical or inefficient to record all instances of behavior

31
Q

Interval recording

A

intervals are consecutive

32
Q

Time-sample recording

A

intervals are non-consecutive

33
Q

Variable

A

a characteristic of a person, place, or thing that can change over time from one situation to another

34
Q

Functional relationship

A

the relationship between changes in an IV and changes in a DV

35
Q

Stimulus

A

something in the environment with the potential to influence behavior

36
Q

Appetitive stimuli

A

an event that an organism will seek out

37
Q

Aversive stimuli

A

an event an organism will avoid

38
Q

Motivating operations

A

any procedure that affects appetitiveness or aversiveness of an event

39
Q

Establishing operation

A

increases appetitiveness of an event

40
Q

Deprivation

A

prolonged absence of an event to increase appetitiveness

41
Q

Abolishing operation

A

decreases appetitiveness of an event

42
Q

Satiation

A

prolonged exposure of an event to decrease appetitiveness

43
Q

Response

A

behavior, usually the DV, can be internal or external

44
Q

Overt behavior

A

has the potential to be directly observed by others

45
Q

Covert Behavior

A

can be perceived only by the person performing behavior

Psychology of Learning (2 decks)

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