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Psychology of Learning > Chapter 1 - Introduction to learning > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Introduction to learning Flashcards

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1
Q

What is learning?

A

a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from some type of experience

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2
Q

Learning does not include changes due to _____ (4)

A

development, changes of physical state, reflexes, innate tendencies

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3
Q

How do we know if learning has occurred?

A

by observing changes in performance

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4
Q

Epistemology

A

the study of knowledge

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5
Q

Nativism

A

assumes that abilities and behavioral tendencies are largely inborn

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6
Q

Which philosopher subscribes to nativism?

A

Plato

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7
Q

Empiricism

A

assumes that abilities and behaviors are mostly learned

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8
Q

Which philosopher subscribes to empiricism?

A

Aristotle

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9
Q

What are Aristotle’s 4 laws of association?

A

Law of Similarity, Law of Contrast, Law of Contiguity, Law of Frequency

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10
Q

Law of Similarity

A

when two things are similar, thinking of one can trigger the other

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11
Q

Law of Contrast

A

when two things are opposite, thinking of one can trigger the other

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12
Q

Law of Contiguity

A

events that occur together closely in time/space are more easily associated

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13
Q

Law of Frequency

A

the more often two things occur together, the more strongly they’re associated

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14
Q

Who had the idea of Mind-Body Dualism?

A

Rene Descartes

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15
Q

Mind-body dualism

A

a distinction between the material, physical body (reflex), and the non-physical mind (free will)

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16
Q

Was Descartes an empiricist or a nativist?

A

nativist, believed many concepts we hold are innate

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17
Q

Who were the 3 biggest British empiricists?

A

John Locke, David Hume, George Berkely

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18
Q

What is “Tabula Rasa”?

A

idea that humans are born with a mind like a “blank tablet” on which one’s life experiences are written

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19
Q

Compositionality

A

our ideas are the result of a combination of associations between elements

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20
Q

Structuralism

A

study attempting to determine the structure of the mind by identifying the basic elements that compose it

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21
Q

Main figures of structuralism?

A

Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchner

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22
Q

What study was the first to apply the scientific method to questions about human consciousness?

A

Structuralism

23
Q

What methods were used in structuralism?

A

introspection and systematic observation

24
Q

Functionalism

A

evolutionary approach to the study of human consciousness, interested in the evolution of the mind / ability to adapt, function of mental processes

25
Q

Major figure in functionalism?

A

William James

26
Q

Who is considered the father of behaviorism?

A

John B. Watson

27
Q

Behaviorism

A

natural science approach to psychology, focuses on environmental influences on observable behavior

28
Q

Functionalism has evolved into __________

A

evolutionary psychology

29
Q

Why did behaviorism survive and other early studies did not?

A

clear methods, easier to implement and interpret

30
Q

How many schools of behaviorism are there?

A

5

31
Q

The schools of behaviorism differ on ________ and _________

A

level of focus (molar vs. molecular), role of cognition and internal processes

32
Q

The schools of behaviorism share _________

A

focus on observable behaviors and role of environment

33
Q

Methodological behaviorism

A

“original” form, study of how environment influences observable behaviors, excludes all thoughts and feelings, molecular

34
Q

Main figure in methodological behaviorism?

A

Watson

35
Q

What is S-R Theory?

A

learning is the establishment of a connection between a stimulus and a response

36
Q

Neo-behaviorism

A

study of how the environment influences observable behavior using measurable physiological processes to explain behavior, states of deprivation!!

37
Q

Major figure in neo-behaviorism?

A

Clark Hull

38
Q

Intervening variable (used in neo-behaviorism)

A

anything that comes between a cause and effect

39
Q

Cognitive Behaviorism

A

purposive behaviorism, how environment influences observable behavior, using hypothesized cognitive approaches to help explain behavior, more molar approach

40
Q

Latent learning

A

learning that has occurred, but is not demonstrated

41
Q

Cognitive map

A

mental representation of one’s spatial surroundings

42
Q

Major figure in cognitive behaviorism?

A

Tolman

43
Q

Social learning theory

A

how environment influences behavior (AND vice versa) while emphasizing the importance of observational learning and cognitive variables

44
Q

Main figure in social learning theory?

A

Bandura

45
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

idea that behaviors, environment, and internal variables all influence each other

46
Q

Social learning theory is the basis for what therapy?

A

CBT

47
Q

Radical behaviorism

A

emphasizes influence of environment on behavior, rejects the use of internal events to explain behavior, re-labels internal events as “covert behaviors”

48
Q

Countercontrol

A

ideas that we can manipulate our environment to have a beneficial influence on behavior

49
Q

Applied behavior analysis

A

using the principles of behaviorism to analyze and solve real world problems

50
Q

The “bridge” between a philosophy of learning and a science of learning might be the belief that ideas are compromised of smaller, basic elements, can can be re-arranged in different combinations. This philosophical idea was suggested by ________________, but first tested scientifically by ______________.

A

the British empiricists; Structuralists

51
Q

Which of the five behavioral schools we discussed would be most likely to assert that internal states or processes cannot be scientifically studied?

A

Methodological behaviorism

52
Q

Functionalism was greatly influenced by:

A

Darwin’s theory of evolution and natural selection

53
Q

Which school of behaviorism would be most interested in studying the effects of hunger on behavioral changes?

A

Neo-behaviorism

54
Q

What role do “internal events” (like thoughts and feelings) play in Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism?

A

Internal events can be studied, but should be treated as behaviors themselves, and not used to explain observable behavior

Psychology of Learning (2 decks)

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