Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CLPS0010 > Chapter 2: Research Methodology > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Research Methodology Flashcards

1
Q

Nature of Science

A
  • combine logic with research and experimentation

- involve common sense and observation while recognizing the inherent limitations of both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Limits of Observation

A

Senses can be Fooled
-way brain organizes and interprets sensory info varies from person to person
Generalization
-ppl tend to generalize from their observations and assume that it they witnessed it in one situation it applies to all similar ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Science?

A
  • an attitude and process, not a product
  • question authority
  • open skepticism
  • intellectual honesty
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Goals of Science

A

1) Describe
2) Predict
3) Control
4) Explain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Scientific Method

A 
-systematic and dynamic procedure of observing and measuring phenomena
OPTIC
-observe
-predict
-test
-interpret
-communicate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Theories

A
  • set of related assumptions from which testable predictions can be made
  • can be used to explain observations or make predictions
  • constructed after hypotheses are made and tested
  • specific, informed, and testable!!

Good Theory:

  • falsifiable (need to define what should or should not observe if it is true)
  • testable hypothesis
  • SIMPLE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Replication

A
  • science has no value without replication
  • possible that a single finding can be caused by chance
  • science is cumulative (building on past knowledge)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pseudoscience

A

Claims presented that lack several qualities of science

  • advances no true knowledge
  • disregards facts
  • logic is unsound or absent
  • vague or incomplete explanations and conclusions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Research Ethics

Humans

A

-has to meet a set of criteria by panel of experts (IRB) before can be conducted

  1. Informed Consent
    - minimized costs, maximized benefits
    - can stop at anytime with no penalty
    - deception must be justified to IRB
  2. Respect for Persons
    - autonomy of ind must be protected
    - risk/benefit ration must be protected
  3. Debriefing
  4. Privacy and Confidentiality
  5. Justice
    - benefits and costs must be equally distributed across participants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ethical Research with Animals

A
  • entitled to be treated in a humane way to greatest extent possible
  • pain and suffering must be minimized
  • euthanasia when req must be done painlessly as possible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Research Steps

Scientific Method

A 
1-form hypothesis
2-conduct literature review
3-design a study
4-conduct study
5-analyze data
6-report results
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Belmont Report

A
  • no one can force participation
  • have right to discontinue study at any time
  • legally and ethically entitled to know what you are agreeing to so that you can make informed decision
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stanford Prison Study

A

-subjects were not fully notified extents of cost of study ( informed consent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Reliability of Research Results

A 
Consistency
-same answer each time you ask question?
-temporal stability
Degree of Agreement bw Investigators
-same answer when dif ppl as same question?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

External Validity

A
  • extent to which data collected actually tells you something about phenomena you are measuring
  • depends on dependent variable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Naturalistic Observations

A
  • as natural as possible so as not to induce certain behavior (Hawthorne Effect)
  • can use cover story so subjects unaware of true nature of study
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Blind Conditions

A

-participants not told if they are given test or control conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Answering Questions

A

-ppl may not answer sensitive questions honestly bc want to look good in presence of researcher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Observer Bias

A
  • easy to see what we want to see

- perceive data in a certain light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Observer Bias

Rosenthal

A
  • “smart mice” vs “dull mice”
  • teacher bias: students who’s teachers thought they has a high IQ did better in school than those whose teachers thought had an average IQ (regardless of actual IQ)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Observer Bias

Double Blind

A

-researcher administering task does not know which group subject is in or the diagnosis (minimize bias)

22
Q

Experimental Control

A
  • random assignment
  • do not want self selection–need to make sure difference between groups is only due to manipulated variable (not extraneous)
23
Q

Representative Samples

A

-craw valid conclusions about whole population of interest (all dif types of ppl in that pop)

24
Q

Types of Research

Descriptive Studies

A
  • researcher defines a problem and variable of interest but makes no prediction and does not control or manipulate anything
  • no testing of hypothesis
  • exploratory

Advantages:
-early stages of research to determine whether a phenom. exists
-takes place in real world setting (external validity)
Disadvantages:
-errors in observation due to expectations
-observer’s presence can effect behavior being witnessed (reactivity)

25
Q

Types of Research
Descriptive Studies
Naturalistic Observation

A
  • allowing subjects behave as normally would if not being observed
  • external validity
  • but conditions can’t be controlled so can’t determine cause and effect of dif variables
26
Q

Types of Research
Descriptive Studies
Participant Observations

A
  • interviews, surveys
  • can get biased responses
    ex: kinsey did not use representative sampling (oversampled his home state) and interviewed face to face about private issues which may have resulted in subjects being dishonesty
  • self report bias: ppl tend to describe themselves in positive ways not necessarily true
27
Q

Types of Research

Longitudinal Studies

A 
Advantages:
-provide info about effects of age on same ppl (allow to see developmental stages)
Disadvantages:
-expensive
-long time
-high drop out rate
28
Q

Types of Research

Cross Sectional Studies

A 
Adv:
-faster than longitudinal
-less expensive
Disadv:
-unidentifiable variables may be involved (cohort effect)
29
Q

Types of Research

Correlational Studies

A
  • measure two or more variables and examine relationship between them
  • can’t determine cause and effect
30
Q

Correlational Studies

Scatterplot

A
  • spread away from line of best fit gives idea as to variability
  • correlational coefficient is numerical representation of relationship (range from 1 to -1)
  • 1 is perfect direct relationship
  • (-1) is a perfect inverse relationship
  • outliers can give misleading coefficient
  • if there is a restricted range of values there may be an association but the measure isn’t sensitive enough in order to pick up the correlation
31
Q

Correlational Studies

Third Variable

A

-can cause both A and B (A doesn’t cause B)

Matched Samples
-match 3rd variables across groups
Matched Pairs
-match 3rd variables across people (1 to 1 mapping of variable)

32
Q

Experimental Studies

A

Confounding Variables
-additional variables whose influences cannot be separated from the independent variable of interest

Advantages
-can demonstrate causal relationships (avoid directionality problem)
Disadvantages
-often take place in artificial setting

33
Q

Experimental Studies

Random Assignment

A
  • each part. in study has same chance of being in experimental or control group
  • equalize in terms of other variables
34
Q

Experimental Studies

Self Selection

A

-problem that occurs when anything about a person determines whether he or she will be included in experimental or control group

35
Q

Experimental Studies

Single Blind

A

-participant does not know condition to which they have been assigned to avoid behaving in a biased way

36
Q

Experimental Studies

Double Blind

A
  • neither participant or experimenter knows which condition to which the participant has been assigned to avoid bias on both sides
  • prevents experimenter expectancy effects
  • Robert Rosenthal and discovery of experimenter bias (self fulfilling prophecy)
37
Q

Experimental Studies

Quasi Experimental Design

A

-makes uses of naturally occurring groups rather than randomly assigning subjects to groups

38
Q

Meta Analysis

A

-quantitative method for combining all published research results on one question and drawing a conclusions

Requires use of effect sizes

  • standardized statistics
  • allows different studies to be compared to each other even if they used different methods or produced different stats
  • look at average effect size across all studies
  • have advantage of huge sample size
  • there is a publishing bias for positive effect (don’t get published if null effects)
39
Q

Measurement

A

Operational Definition:
-must define property we wish to measure
Good Measurements:
1) Internal Validity
-does data collected address your question?
2) Reliability
-is there consistency of your measurement? or does data collected vary over time?
3) Power
-is the measure sensitive enough to detect a difference if it exists or not to detect a difference that does not exist?
4) Accuracy
-is the measure error-free?

40
Q

Commonly Used Measures

Self Report

A

Interviews

  • responses are coded into broad categories or summarized in a meaningful way
  • questions often open ended

Questionnaires
-responses limited to choices given

Adv:
-easy to code, use, and analyze
Disadv:
-self report bias
-social desirability issues
41
Q

Behavioral Measures

A
  • based on systematic observation of people’s actions, either in their normal environment or lab setting
  • social desirability and observer bias are reduced with behavioral measures
  • researchers quantify perceptual or cognitive processes in response to a specific stimulus

Three Major Types:

  • rxn time
  • response accuracy
  • stimulus judgments
42
Q

Physiological Measures

A
  • brain imaging technologies
  • blood pressure
  • sweating etc
  • all these methods are correlational
43
Q

Statistics

A

-collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of numerical data

44
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A
  • summarizes data
  • organizes data
    ex. plot a frequency distribution
Ideal Experiment
-zero variance and zero overlap
-not realistic
Next Best Thing
-zero overlap (variability exists)
More Likely
-some overlap between groups on performance measures
-need statistics to determine how much overlap does there have to be to determine that the independent variable had no effect on dependent
45
Q

Descriptive Stats

Sources of Variation

A
  • experimental measurement (within and across observers)

- participant behavior (within and between subject variation)

46
Q

Descriptive Stats

Measures of Central Tendency

A

Mean
-arithmetic average of data set
-most affected by the skew (mode stays where it is and median is less effected)
Median
-score that separates the upper half from the lower half in a data set
Mode
-most frequently occurring score

Normal Distribution
-all three measures of central tendency are the same

47
Q

Descriptive Stats

Variability

A
  • frequency
  • range

Standard deviation

  • measure of how much scores in a data set vary around the mean
  • two different data sets with identical means could have very different SD
48
Q

Different Types of Distributions

on a Frequency Distribution Graph

A 
Normal
-all three measures of central tendency are the same
-perfectly symmetrical bell curve in which scores cluster around the middle
Positive Skew
-mode is top left
-median is down and to the right
-mean is more down and to the right
Negative Skew
-mode is top right
-median down and to the left
-mean more down and to the left
49
Q

Z Score

A

-tells you how many standard deviations above or below the score is from the mean

z= (y-Yavg)/SD

50
Q

Inferential Statistics

A
  • related to whether or not you can reject or accept the null hypothesis of your experimental design
  • results deemed unlikely to be due to chance are called statistically significant
51
Q

t-test

A

-compares two means to see if the two samples come from the same population

CLPS0010 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions