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CLPS0010 > Chapter 1: Scientific Foundations > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Scientific Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

Nativism

A
  • Plato

- certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn

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2
Q

Philosophical Empiricism

A
  • Aristotle

- all knowledge acquired through experience

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3
Q

Empiricism

A
  • John Locke
  • “Tabula Rasa” (blank slate)
  • Knowledge and thoughts come from experience
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4
Q

Mind Body Problem

Early Scholars

A

-mind entirely separate from and in control of body

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5
Q

Mind Body Problem

1500s

A

-Leonardo da Vinci challenged that doctrine

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6
Q

Mind Body Problem

1600s

A
  • Cartesian Dualism

- suggested body and mind were separate but some mental functions resulted from bodily functions

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7
Q

Rene Descartes

A
  • mind and body separate entities
  • mind controls body most of time
  • dualism bw mind and body
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8
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

-argued against descartes

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9
Q

Franz Joseph Gall

A
  • Phrenology

- now defunct theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics are localized in specific regions of brain

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10
Q

Pierre Flourens

A
  • surgically removed brain pieces

- argued against Gall’s methods

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11
Q

Paul Broca

A

-studied brain damaged patients (left frontal lobe) to link localization to ability

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12
Q

Structuralism

A
  • analyze mind by breaking it down into its basic components
  • Wilhelm Wundt:
    a) “Father of Experimental Psych”
    b) founded first psych lab
    c) estab psych as separate science
    d) consciousness: subjective experience of the world and the mind
    e) introspection: subjective observation of one’s own experience
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13
Q

Structuralism

Applying Physiological Methods to Psychology

A
  • physiology:study of biological processes, esp in the human body
  • Hermann von Hemoltz
    a) studied reaction time and estimated length of nerve impulses
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14
Q

Structuralism

Edward Titchener

A
  • student of Wundt’s

- brought structuralism to US

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15
Q

Functionalism

A

-study of how mental abilities allow people to adapt to their environments

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16
Q

Functionalism

James

A

William James

  • first to take scientific approach to psych
  • wrote Principles of Psychology
  • agreed with introspection technique but did not believe consciousness could be broken down into its elemental forms (distorted the nature of consciousness)
  • mental activity must serve an important biological function
  • psychologists must understand what those functions are
  • inspired by Darwin
17
Q

Charles Darwin

A
  • wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
  • natural selection: features of an organism that help it to survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations
18
Q

Stanley Hall

A
  • set up first psych lab in north america
  • focused on development and education
  • founded american journal of psychology
19
Q

Development of Clinical Psychology

A

Jean-Martin Charcot and Pierre Janet

  • studied hysteric patients through hypnosis
  • hysteria: temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions as a result of emotionally upsetting experience
  • when they practiced hypnosis on patience the symptoms would disappear
20
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Psychoanalysis

-emphasizes influence of unconscious mental processes that shape feelings, thoughts, and behaviors

21
Q

Humanists Response

A

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

-humanistic psych: approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings

22
Q

Behaviorism

A

Behaviorism
-advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to scientific study of objectively observable behavior
John Watson
-goal: to predict and control behavior by studying it

23
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Studied physiology of digestion and founded classical conditioning
-Classical Conditioning: stimulus-response

24
Q

B.F Skinner

A
  • developed the Skinner Box
  • free will is an illusion and principles of reinforcement should be used to benefit society
  • founded operant conditioning: behavior through reinforcement
25
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

-behaviorism ignored mental processes, genetic factors and evolutionary history
Cognitive Psychology:
-scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning

26
Q

Cognitive Psychology

Illusions

A

-Illusions: errors of perception, memory, or judgment in which subjective experience differs from objective reality

27
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

-perceive things as whole rather than a compilation of parts

28
Q

Max Wertheimer

A

-founded induced motion phenomena

29
Q

Frederic Bartlett

A
  • memory is not an objective, accurate representation of events but rather a highly personal reconstruction based on one’s own beliefs, ideas, and point of view
  • the way we think about things (cognitive frameworks) organizes how we experience the world
30
Q

Jean Piaget

A

-studied cognitive development (errors) in children

31
Q

Chomsky

A

Argued that skinner ignores creativity

32
Q

Technology and Development of Cognitive Psychology

A

-idea that human brain is like a computer which lead to information processing theory

33
Q

Donald Broadbent

A

-discovered attention has limited capacity

34
Q

Mental Activity

A
  • cognitive approaches showed that simple laws of behaviorism could not explain all learning
  • George A Miller launched cognitive revolution
35
Q

Rise of Cognitive Neuroscience

A

Karl Lashley
-lesioned rats’ brains (unsuccessfully) to localize learning–>lead to physiological psychology
Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Emerged

36
Q

Social and Cultural Perspectives

A
  • human beings are social animals
  • psychology is influenced by presence/absence of other people
  • social psych: studies causes and consequences of social behavior
37
Q

Science Informs Psychological Therapies

A

Maslow and Rogers pioneered a humanistic approach to the treatment of psychological disorders

CLPS0010 (4 decks)

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