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Biology MCAT > Chapter 2- Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Reproduction Flashcards

Learn about mitosis, meosis, and the reproductive systems.

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1
Q

sebaceous glands

A

oil glands

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2
Q

sudoriferous glands

A

sweat glands

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3
Q

Encase their developing embryos within hard shelled amniotic eggs.(mammal)

A

Prototherians(monotremes)

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4
Q

Fetus(joey) undergoes some development in the mothers uterus and then climbs out the birth canal into the marsupium, or pouch

A

Metatherians(marsupials)

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5
Q

Autosomal cells

A

Diploid (2n) cells, which means that they have two copies of each chromosome.

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6
Q

Germ cells

A

Haploid(n) cells which have only one copy of each chromosome

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7
Q

How many chromosomes does an autosomal cell have?

A

46

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8
Q

A specific series of phases during which a cell grows, synthesizes DNA, and divides.

A

Cell cycle

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9
Q

Eukaryotic cell replicate through the?

A

Cell cycle

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10
Q

Derangements of the cell cycle can lead to unchecked cell division and may be responsible for the formation of ?

A

Cancer

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11
Q

What are the four stages of the cell cycle?

A

G1
S
G2
M-mitotic(mitosis and cytokinesis)

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12
Q

G1, S, and G2 are collectively known as.

A

Interphase

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13
Q

The longest part of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

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14
Q

Cells that do not divide spend all their time in an offshoot of G1 called

A

G0

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15
Q

The cell is simply living and carrying out its functions without any preparation for divison.

A

G0

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16
Q

During interphase, DNA is in a less condensed form known as _____.

A

Chromatin

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17
Q

DNA is not condensed until mitosis because prior, DNA must be available to______ so that the genes can be transcribed.*

A

RNA polymerase

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18
Q

Biological sex is determined by the?

A

23rd pair of chromosomes

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19
Q

Which chromosome carries more genetic information X or Y?

A

X chromosome

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20
Q

a trait that is controlled by a gene or an allele located on the sex chromosome

A

Sex linked

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21
Q

When a gene being is present on the X chromosome, but not on the Y chromosome, it is said to be

A

X linked

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22
Q

Having only a single copy of a gene instead of the customary two copies

A

Hemizygous

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23
Q

Males are termed hemizygous with respect to many of the genes on the __ chromosome because they only have 1 copy.

A

X

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24
Q

Which gender can be homozygous or heterzygous regarding to genes on the X chromosome?

A

Females

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25
Q

True or False. A male with a disease causing allele on the unpaired part of X chromosome will express that allele.

A

True

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26
Q

Females carrying a diseased allele on an X chromosome but not exhibiting the disease are said to be.

A

Carriers

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27
Q

Which gene in the Y chromosome codes for a transcription factor that initiates testis differentiation and this the formation of male gonads,

A

SRY(sex-determining region Y) gene

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28
Q

In the absence of the Y chromosome, all zygotes will be what gender?

A

Female

29
Q

Sperm develop in what part of the testes?

A

Seminiferous tubules

30
Q

Sperm are nourished by what cells?

A

Sertoli cells

31
Q

What do the cells of Leydig secrete?

A

Male sex hormones(androgens) such as testosterone

32
Q

An external pouch that houses the testis and maintains a temperature 2 to 4 degrees Celsius lower than the body.

A

Scrotum

33
Q

As sperm are formed they are passed to the _____, where their flagella gain motility, and they are then stored until ejaculation.

A

Epididymis

34
Q

During ejaculation, sperm travel through the vas deferens and enter the _______ ____ at the posterior end of the prostate.

A

Ejaculatory duct

35
Q

Ejaculatory ducts fuse to form the?

A

Urethra

36
Q

Pathway of sperm through the male reproductive system?

A

SEVE(N) UP

seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, penis

37
Q

As sperm pass through the reproductive tract they are mixed with?

A

Seminal fluid

38
Q

Seminal fluid is produced through a combined effort by the?

A

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral (Cowper ‘s) glands

39
Q

Which organ contributes fructose to nourish sperm?

A

Seminal vesicles

40
Q

These two organs give the fluid mild alkaline properties so the sperm can survive in the relative acidity of the female reproductive system.

A

Seminal vesicles and prostate gland

41
Q

This gland produces a clear viscous fluid that cleans out any remnants of urine and lubricates the urethra during sexual arousal.

A

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands

42
Q

The combination of sperm and seminal fluid is called?

A

Semen

43
Q

The formation of 4 haploid sperm through meiosis.

A

Spermatogenesis

44
Q

4 haploid sperm cells are produced from this diploid stem cell.

A

Spermatogonia

45
Q

After spermatogonia replicate their genetic material(S stage) they devolp into?

A

Diploid primary spermatocytes

46
Q

The first meiotic division(meiosis I) in spermatogenesis results in?

A

Haploid secondary spermatocytes

47
Q

Meiosis II in spermatogenesis results in?

A

Haploid spermatids

48
Q

Spermatids undergo maturation to become?

A

Spermatozoa

49
Q

Sperm consist of?

A

A head
A midpiece
A flagellum

50
Q

A modified Golgi apparatus that contains enzymes that help the sperm fuse with and penetrate the ovum.

A

Acrosome

51
Q

This part of the sperm is used for motility.

A

Flagellum

52
Q

This part of the sperm generates ATP from fructose and contains many mitochondria.

A

Midpiece

53
Q

This part of the sperm contains the genetic material.

A

Head

54
Q

All the female reproductive organs are _____.

A

Internal

55
Q

The female gonads known as ovaries produce which hormones?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

56
Q

Ovaries consist of thousands of?

A

Follicles

57
Q

Multilayered sacs that contain, nourish, and protect immature _____.

A

Ova(eggs)

58
Q

Another word for fallopian tube?

A

Oviduct

59
Q

The fallopian tubes are lined with?

A

Cilia to propel the egg forward.

60
Q

Once each month, an egg is ovulated into the____ which lines the abdominal cavity.

A

Peritoneal sac

61
Q

The fallopian tube are connected to the?

A

Uterus

62
Q

The lower part of the uterus is the?

A

Cervix

63
Q

The external female anatomy is the?

A

Vulva

64
Q

The production of female gametes is known as?

A

Oogenesis

65
Q

Diploid stem cell that gives rise to primary oocytes by mitosis

A

Oogonia

66
Q

By birth all the oogonia have undergone DNA replication and are considered?

A

Primary oocytes(2n)

67
Q

First menstrual cycle

A

Menarche

68
Q

All primary oocytes in the ovaries are in what phase of meiosis until ovulation.

A

Prophase I

Biology MCAT (2 decks)

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