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Biology MCAT > Chapter 2- Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Reproduction Flashcards

Learn about mitosis, meosis, and the reproductive systems. (68 cards)

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1
Q

sebaceous glands

A

oil glands

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2
Q

sudoriferous glands

A

sweat glands

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3
Q

Encase their developing embryos within hard shelled amniotic eggs.(mammal)

A

Prototherians(monotremes)

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4
Q

Fetus(joey) undergoes some development in the mothers uterus and then climbs out the birth canal into the marsupium, or pouch

A

Metatherians(marsupials)

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5
Q

Autosomal cells

A

Diploid (2n) cells, which means that they have two copies of each chromosome.

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6
Q

Germ cells

A

Haploid(n) cells which have only one copy of each chromosome

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7
Q

How many chromosomes does an autosomal cell have?

A

46

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8
Q

A specific series of phases during which a cell grows, synthesizes DNA, and divides.

A

Cell cycle

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9
Q

Eukaryotic cell replicate through the?

A

Cell cycle

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10
Q

Derangements of the cell cycle can lead to unchecked cell division and may be responsible for the formation of ?

A

Cancer

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11
Q

What are the four stages of the cell cycle?

A

G1
S
G2
M-mitotic(mitosis and cytokinesis)

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12
Q

G1, S, and G2 are collectively known as.

A

Interphase

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13
Q

The longest part of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

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14
Q

Cells that do not divide spend all their time in an offshoot of G1 called

A

G0

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15
Q

The cell is simply living and carrying out its functions without any preparation for divison.

A

G0

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16
Q

During interphase, DNA is in a less condensed form known as _____.

A

Chromatin

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17
Q

DNA is not condensed until mitosis because prior, DNA must be available to______ so that the genes can be transcribed.*

A

RNA polymerase

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18
Q

Biological sex is determined by the?

A

23rd pair of chromosomes

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19
Q

Which chromosome carries more genetic information X or Y?

A

X chromosome

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20
Q

a trait that is controlled by a gene or an allele located on the sex chromosome

A

Sex linked

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21
Q

When a gene being is present on the X chromosome, but not on the Y chromosome, it is said to be

A

X linked

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22
Q

Having only a single copy of a gene instead of the customary two copies

A

Hemizygous

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23
Q

Males are termed hemizygous with respect to many of the genes on the __ chromosome because they only have 1 copy.

A

X

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24
Q

Which gender can be homozygous or heterzygous regarding to genes on the X chromosome?

A

Females

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25
True or False. A male with a disease causing allele on the unpaired part of X chromosome will express that allele.
True
26
Females carrying a diseased allele on an X chromosome but not exhibiting the disease are said to be.
Carriers
27
Which gene in the Y chromosome codes for a transcription factor that initiates testis differentiation and this the formation of male gonads,
SRY(sex-determining region Y) gene
28
In the absence of the Y chromosome, all zygotes will be what gender?
Female
29
Sperm develop in what part of the testes?
Seminiferous tubules
30
Sperm are nourished by what cells?
Sertoli cells
31
What do the cells of Leydig secrete?
Male sex hormones(androgens) such as testosterone
32
An external pouch that houses the testis and maintains a temperature 2 to 4 degrees Celsius lower than the body.
Scrotum
33
As sperm are formed they are passed to the _____, where their flagella gain motility, and they are then stored until ejaculation.
Epididymis
34
During ejaculation, sperm travel through the vas deferens and enter the _______ ____ at the posterior end of the prostate.
Ejaculatory duct
35
Ejaculatory ducts fuse to form the?
Urethra
36
Pathway of sperm through the male reproductive system?
SEVE(N) UP | seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, penis
37
As sperm pass through the reproductive tract they are mixed with?
Seminal fluid
38
Seminal fluid is produced through a combined effort by the?
Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral (Cowper 's) glands
39
Which organ contributes fructose to nourish sperm?
Seminal vesicles
40
These two organs give the fluid mild alkaline properties so the sperm can survive in the relative acidity of the female reproductive system.
Seminal vesicles and prostate gland
41
This gland produces a clear viscous fluid that cleans out any remnants of urine and lubricates the urethra during sexual arousal.
Bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands
42
The combination of sperm and seminal fluid is called?
Semen
43
The formation of 4 haploid sperm through meiosis.
Spermatogenesis
44
4 haploid sperm cells are produced from this diploid stem cell.
Spermatogonia
45
After spermatogonia replicate their genetic material(S stage) they devolp into?
Diploid primary spermatocytes
46
The first meiotic division(meiosis I) in spermatogenesis results in?
Haploid secondary spermatocytes
47
Meiosis II in spermatogenesis results in?
Haploid spermatids
48
Spermatids undergo maturation to become?
Spermatozoa
49
Sperm consist of?
A head A midpiece A flagellum
50
A modified Golgi apparatus that contains enzymes that help the sperm fuse with and penetrate the ovum.
Acrosome
51
This part of the sperm is used for motility.
Flagellum
52
This part of the sperm generates ATP from fructose and contains many mitochondria.
Midpiece
53
This part of the sperm contains the genetic material.
Head
54
All the female reproductive organs are _____.
Internal
55
The female gonads known as ovaries produce which hormones?
Estrogen and progesterone
56
Ovaries consist of thousands of?
Follicles
57
Multilayered sacs that contain, nourish, and protect immature _____.
Ova(eggs)
58
Another word for fallopian tube?
Oviduct
59
The fallopian tubes are lined with?
Cilia to propel the egg forward.
60
Once each month, an egg is ovulated into the____ which lines the abdominal cavity.
Peritoneal sac
61
The fallopian tube are connected to the?
Uterus
62
The lower part of the uterus is the?
Cervix
63
The external female anatomy is the?
Vulva
64
The production of female gametes is known as?
Oogenesis
65
Diploid stem cell that gives rise to primary oocytes by mitosis
Oogonia
66
By birth all the oogonia have undergone DNA replication and are considered?
Primary oocytes(2n)
67
First menstrual cycle
Menarche
68
All primary oocytes in the ovaries are in what phase of meiosis until ovulation.
Prophase I

Biology MCAT (2 decks)

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