Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology MCAT > Chapter 1- The Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 1- The Cell Flashcards

Learn about cells(prokaryotes and eukaryotes), and viruses

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the cell theory tenets?

A
  1. All living things are composed of cells.
  2. The cell is the basic functional unit of life.
  3. Cells arise only from other cells.
  4. Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a virion?

A

A virion is a virus progeny that is found outside the cell(extracellular).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Are virus considered living?

A

No, they violate tenets of cell theory such as cells arise from other cells and carry genetic information in the form of DNA. Viruses can only replicate by invading organisms, and some viruses carry genetic information in the form of RNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Prokaryates- unicellular or multicellular?

A

Unicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Eukaryotes- unicellular or multicellular?

A

Can be both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What allows for compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells?

A

Membrane bound organelles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Membranes of eukaryotic cells consist of a?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What allows for the diffusion of molecules throughout the cell?

A

Cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Eukaryotes reproduce by?

A

Mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The nucleus is surrounded by the?

A

Nuclear membrane(nuclear envelope) a double membrane that maintains a nuclear environment seperate and distinct from the cytoplasm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Protoplasm

A

Everything in the cell membrane.

Divided into cytoplasm and nucleoplasm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Everthing inside the cell membrane except the nucleus.

Contains cytosol and organelles .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cytosol

A

Area of cytoplasm that is not held by organelles.

Cytoplasm minus organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What structure in a eukaryotic cell allows for selective two way exchange of material between the cytoplasm and the nucleus?

A

Nuclear pores in the nuclear membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Coding regions in DNA are called?

A

Genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Does transcription or translation occur in the nuclues?

A

Transcription( the formation of hnRNA from DNA, which is subsequently processed to form mRNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Transcription or translation, which occurs outside the nucleus?

A

Translation(the formation of a peptide from mRNA occurs on ribosomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the subsection of the nucleus called?

A

Nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is synthesized in the nucleolus?

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How many membranes does the mitchondria have?

A

2 the inner membrane and outer membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the outer membrane of the mitchondria do?

A

Serves as a barrier between the cytosol and the inner environment of the mitchondria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the inner membrane of the mitchondria do?

A

Contains the molecules and enzymes of the electron transport chain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The inner membrane is arranged into?

A

Foldings called cristae which are highly convoluted structures that increase the surface area available for electron transport enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The space between the inner membrane and outer membrane?

A

Intermembrane space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Space inside the inner membrane?

A

Mitchondrial matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How do protons flow in the mitchondria to establish the prton motive force?

A

Protons are pumped out the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space creating a gradient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How do protons flow back down fron the intermembrane space back into the mitochondrial matrix to generate ATP during oxidative phosphoylation?

A

Protons flow through ATP synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Are mitochondria semiautonomus?

A

Yes, they contain some of their own genes and replicate independently of the nucleus via binary fission.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

cytoplasmic or extranuclear inheritance

A

The transmission of genetic material independent of the nucleus. (Ex. Mitochondria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Serial endosymbiosis theory

A

Membrane bound organelles were formed by the engulfing of one prokaryote by another and the establishment of a symbiotic relationship. (Ex. Mitochondria, chloroplasts, flagella)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Mitochondria can START apoptosis by

A

Releasing enzymes from the electron transport chain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Whuch organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes which can breakdown many different substances.

A

Lysosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Hydrolytic enzymes

A

Any of theenzymesor catalysts that act and behave like a hydrolase.A hydrolase is anenzymethat speeds up thehydrolysisof a chemical bond.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Adding water to a chemical bond to break it.

A–B + H2O → A–OH + B–H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Which organelle breaks down substances ingested by endocytosis and cellular waste products

A

Lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Lysosomes often function in conjunction with

A

Endosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Endosomes

A

collection of organelles that function in transport, package, and sort cell material travelling to and from the membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Autolysis

A

Destruction of a cell through the release of enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

When a lysosome releases its hydrolytic enzymes leading directly to the degradation of cellular compenents, is it autolysis or apoptosis?

A

Both autolysis and apotosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

When a mitchondria releases enzymes from the electron transport is is autolysis or apoptosis?

A

Apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Which organelle is contiguous with the nuclear envelope?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How many varieties of endoplasmic reticulum are there?

A

2: Smooth ER and Rough ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Which organelle is studded with ribosomes, which permit the translation of proteins destined for secretion directly into its lumen.

A

Rough ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Which organelle is used primarily for lipid synthesis(such as the phospholipids in the cell membrane) and the detoxification of certain drugs and poisons. Lacks ribosomes.

A

Smooth ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Which organelle transports proteins from the Rough ER to the golgi in vesicles.

A

Smooth ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Which organelle modifies cellular products by the addition of groups like carbohydrates, phosphates, and sulfates or by the introduction of signal sequences, which direct the delivery of the product to a specific cellular location.

A

Golgi apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

After modification and sorting in the golgi, cellular products are repackaged in what to be sent to the correct cellular location?

A

Vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Secretory vesicle merges with cell membrane and its contents are released.

A

Exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

The breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones

A

Catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy

A

Anabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

The catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down. Occurs in both mitochondria and peroxisomes

A

Beta-oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Which organelle contains hydrogen peroxide, primary function is beta oxidation, and participates in the synthesis of phospholipids

A

Peroxisomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Peroxisomes contain enzymes involved in which pathway?

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What provides structure to the cell and helps maintain its shape along with a conduit for the transport of materials.

A

Cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What are the three components(materials) of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Microfilaments

A

Solid polymerized rods of actin (filaments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Actin filaments are resistant to

A

Compression and fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Actin filaments can use ATP to genetate force for movement(ex.muscle contraction) by interacting with

A

Myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.

A

Cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Indentation of the cell’s surface that begins the progression ofcleavage, by which animal and some algal cells undergo cytokinesis

A

Cleavage furrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Which microfilaments play a role in cytokinesis by pinching of the connecton between daughter cells.

A

Actin filament ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Hollow polymers of tubulin proteins.

A

Microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Microtubules extend throughout the cell providing pathways along which motor proteins such as

A

Kinesin and dyenein can carry vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Cilia and flagella are motile structures composed of ?

A

Microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Projections from a cell that are primarily involved in the movement of materials along the surface of a cell.

A

Cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Structure involved in the movement of the cell itself.

A

Flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

9+2 structure

A

Nine pairs of microtubules forming an outer ring with two microtubules in the center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Cilia and flagella share the same 9+2 structure in

Prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Centrioles are found in a region of the cell called the ?

A

Centrosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Organizing centers for microtubules and are structured as nine triplets of microtubules with a hollow center.

A

Centrioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Organize the mitotic spindle by migrating to opposite poles of a dividing cell

A

Centrioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

The microtubules coming out from the centrioles attach to the chromosomes _____ to separate sister chromatids.

A

Kinetochores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Diverse group of filamentous proteins which includes keratin, vimentin, and lamins.

A

Intermediate filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Filaments involved in cell-cell adhesion or maintenance of the overall integrity of the cytoskeleton.

A

Intermediate filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Filaments that are able to withstand a tremendous amount of tension, and help anchor other organelles.

A

Intermediate filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

The identity of the intermembrane filament proteins within a cell is specific to the?

A

Cell and tissue type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Four tissue types

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Parenchyma

A

Functional part of an organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Tissue that covers the body and lines its cavities providing protection from pathogens and desiccation

A

Epithelial tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Epithelial cells are tightly joined to each other and an underlying layer of connective tissue known as

A

Basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Which tissue is highly diverse and serves numerous functions(absorption, secretion, sensation) depending on the identity of the organ

A

Epithelial tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Which cells constitute the parenchyma?

A

Epithelial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

These cells are often polarized with one side facing the lumen and the other interacting with blood vessrls and structural cells.

A

Epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Epithelial can be classified based on?

A

Number of layers and cell shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

One layer of cells in epithelial

A

Simple epithelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Multiple layers of cells in epithelial?

A

Stratified epithelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Appear to have multiple layers in epithelial due to diffrences in cell height but are, in reality, only one layer.

A

Pseudostratified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Cell shapes

A

Cuboidal
Columnar
Squamous- flat and scalelike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Tissue that supports the body and provides a framework for the epithelial cells to carry out their functions

A

Connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Part of a tissue or organ with a structural or connective role

A

Stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, blood are examples of what tissue.

A

Connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Most cells in connective tissues produce and secrete materials such as

A

Collagen and elastin to form the extracellular matrix ?

94
Q

Which organisms genetic material is organized into a singular circular molecule of DNA and do not contain membrane bound organelles.

A

Prokaryotes

95
Q

Prokaryotes DNA can be found in the?

A

Nucleoid region

96
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya

97
Q

Archaea contain genes and metabolic pathways that are more similar to?

A

Eukaryotes than bacteria

98
Q

A microorganism, especially an archaean, that lives in conditions of extreme temperature, acidity, alkalinity, or chemical concentration.

A

Extremophile

99
Q

The synthesis of organic compounds by using energy derived from reactions involving inorganic chemicals, typically in the absence of sunlight.

A

Chemosynthesis

100
Q

while some archea are photosynthetic many are chemosynthetic and use inorganic compounds such as ?

A

Sulfur and nitrogen based compounds such as ammonia

101
Q

Eukaryotes and Archea share common similarities such as?

A

starting translation with methionine
similar RNA polymerases
associate DNA with histones

102
Q

Bacteria and Archea share similarities such as

A

single circular chromosome
reproduce by binary fission( but can also bud)
overall structure

103
Q

Can have pili, fimbriae, or flagella.

A

Prokaryotes

104
Q

Can have cillia, flagella.

A

Eukaryotes

105
Q

Structure similar to cillia and used primarily for adhesion by prokaryotes.

A

Fimbriae

106
Q

True or False. Bacterial flagella and eukaryotic flagella are different enough that antibacterial vaccines can target bacterial flagella.

A

True

107
Q

which is smaller eukaryotic ribosome or bacterial ribosome?

A

Bacterial ribosome are significantly smaller and many antibiotics target this.

108
Q

Some bacteria are mutalistic symbiotes meaning

A

Both human and bacteria benefit from the relationship.

109
Q

What are some examples of vitamins that bacteria produce in the human gut?

A

Vitamin K and biotin(Vitamin B7)

110
Q

Bacteria that provide no advantage or benefit to the host, but rather cause disease.

A

Pathogen or parasite

111
Q

Pathogenic bacteria may live?

A

Intracellulary or extracellulary

112
Q

Which vitamin is required for production of the plasma proteins necessary for blood clotting.

A

Vitamin K

113
Q

Spherical bacteria

A

Cocci

114
Q

Rod shaped bacteria

A

Bacilli

115
Q

Spiral shaped bacteria

A

Spirilli

116
Q

Very few pathogenic bacteria are what shape?

A

Spiral

117
Q

Bacteria that require oxygen for metabolism.

A

Obligate aerobes

118
Q

Bacteria that uses fermentation or some other form of cellular metabolism that does not require oxygen

A

Anaerobes

119
Q

Bacteria that cannot survive in an oxygen containing environment because it leads to the production of reactive oxygen containg radicals.

A

Obligate anaerobes

120
Q

Bacteria that can toggle between metabolic processes, using oxygen if present and switching to anaerobic metabolism if it is not?

A

Faculative anaerobes

121
Q

Bacteria that are unable to oxygen for metabolism, but are not harmed by its presence in the environment.

A

Aerotolerant anerobes

122
Q

Cell wall and cell membrane are known as the?

A

Envelope

123
Q

The outer barrier of a prokaryotic cell.

A

Cell wall

124
Q

The next layer after the cell wall in prokaryotes.

A

Cell membrane

125
Q

Two types of cell walls in bateria.

A

Gram positive and gram negative

126
Q

How to identify type of bacteria walls.

A

Gram staining

127
Q

How do you know if a bacteria is gram positive?

A

If the bacteria cell wall absorbs the crystal violet stain it will appear purple.

128
Q

How do you know if a bacteria is gram negative?

A

If the cell wall does not absorb the crystal violet stain, but absorbs safranin counterstain it will appear pink- red

129
Q

How does gram staining work?

A

Gram positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan cell walls so the crystal violet stays on while gram negative cell wall are thin so the first dye rinses of while the safranin stays.

130
Q

One or more glycosaminoglycan chains are attached to the protein

A

Proteoglycan

131
Q

oligosaccharidechains are attached to proteins.

A

Gycloproteins

132
Q

Gram positive cell walls consist of a thick layer of?

A

Peptidoglycan

133
Q

In addition to its structural and barrier functions this structure may also aid a bacterial pathogen by providing protection from a host organism’s immune system.

A

Cell wall

134
Q

Gram positive cell walls also contain

A

Lipoteichoic acid

135
Q

The role this acid serves in gram positive bacterium is unknown but the human immune sytem may be activated by exposure to these chemicals

A

Lipoteichoic acid

136
Q

Are part of gram negative bacteria that triggers an immune response in humans. The inflammatory response is much stronger than that from lipoteichoic acid.

A

Lipopolysaccarides

137
Q

Stucture of gram negative bacteria.

A 
Outer membrane
Periplasmic space
Thin layer peptidoglycan 
Periplasmic space 
Cell membrane
138
Q

The outer membrane in gram negative bacteria contains?

A

Phospholipids and lipopolysaccarides

139
Q

The ability to detect chemical stimuli and move toward or away from them is called?

A

Chemotaxis

140
Q

Long whiplike structures that can be used for propolsion, bacteria may have more than one.

A

Flagella

141
Q

The flagella is composed of a

A

Filament, hook, and basal body

142
Q

Which antibiotic targets the enzyme that catalyzes the cross linking of peptidoglycan.

A

Penicillin

143
Q

How do eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella differ?

A

Prokaryotic flagella run in a rotary movement, while eukaryotic flagella run in a bending movement. The prokaryotic flagella use a rotary motor, and the eukaryotic flagella use a complex sliding filament system.

144
Q

The overall structure of flagella is similar in both gram negative and gram positive bacteria but there are slight differences due to?

A

Physical structure and chemical composition

145
Q

Hollow, helical structure composed of flagellin in flagella.

A

Fillament

146
Q

Complex structure that anchors the flagellum to the cytoplasmic membrane and is also the motor in bacteria flagellum which rotates at rates up to 300Hz.

A

Basal body

147
Q

Connects the filament and basal body. In bacteria as the basal body rotates , it exerts torque on the filament , which therby spins and propels the bacterium forward.

A

Hook

148
Q

DNA can be found coiled around ______ in some bacteria.

A

Histone like proteins

149
Q

Bacteria contain extrachromosomal(extragenomic) material known as?

A

Plasmids

150
Q

Dna that is not necessary for survival of the prokaryote and is therfore not considered part of the genome but may confer advantages like antibiotic resistance.

A

Plasmids

151
Q

What is used in prokaryotes for the elecrton transport chain and generation of ATP.

A

Cell membrane

152
Q

Which cytoskeleton is less complex, eukaryotes or prokaryotes.

A

Prokaryotes

153
Q

30S and 50S ribosomes

A

Prokaryotes

154
Q

40S and 60S ribosomes

A

Eukaryotes

155
Q

Why do eukaryotes and prokaryotes carry out protein synthesis in slightly different ways.

A

Different sized ribosomes

156
Q

Form of asexual reproduction in which the circular chromosome replicates and the plasma membrane begin to move inward seperating the two daughter cells.

A

Binary fission

157
Q

The single circular chromosome of a prokaryotic cell contains the information that is necessary for the cell to?

A

Survive and reproduce

158
Q

Traits that increase pathogenicity, such as toxin production.

A

Virulence factors

159
Q

Plasmids may carry

A

Virulence factors

160
Q

Subset of plasmids that are capable of integrating into the genome of the bacterium.

A

Episomes

161
Q

The exchange ofgeneticmaterial between different organisms which leads to production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent.

A

Genetic recombination

162
Q

Types of genetic recombination

A

Conjugation
Transformation
Transduction

163
Q

Integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome. Whan a bacteria lysis the genetic material is taken up by another bacteria. Many gram negatives are capable of this process.

A

Transformation

164
Q

The bacterial form of mating.

A

Conjugation

165
Q

The ability to form a pili and donate DNA durung conjugation results from the presence of a particular piece of DNA called the

A

F factor

166
Q

The bridge in conjugation is called a

A

Sex pili

167
Q

In conjugation the donor is called ____ and the female_____

A 
Donar male(+)
Recipient female(-)
168
Q

Bacteia contain the F factor are called _____ and those that dont are called ______.

A

F+ or Hfr(high frequency of recombination)

F(-)

169
Q

True or false. The F(+) condition is transferable in the sense that an F(+) cell converts an F(-) cell to F(+) if a copy of the entire F plasmid is transferred.

A

True

170
Q

True or False. You can have a F(-) recombinant cell.

A

True

171
Q

A cell with the F factor built into its chromosome is called an

A

Hfr cell

172
Q

True or False. The mating bridge usually breaks before the entire chromosome is transferred in Hfr cells.

A

True.

173
Q

A cell with an F factor plasmid is called.

A

F(+)

174
Q

Genetic recombination process that requires a vector- virus that carries genetic material from one bacterium to another.

A

Transduction

175
Q

Viruses that infect bacteria

A

Bacteriophages

176
Q

Genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the genome.

A

Transposons

177
Q

If a transposon is inserted within a coding region of gene, that gene may be

A

Disrupted

178
Q

The four phases of bacteria colony growth

A

Lag phase
Exponential phase (log phase)
Stationary phase
Death phase

179
Q

In a new environment, bacteria first adapt to the new local conditions

A

Lag phase

180
Q

As bacteria adapt, the rate of divion increases, causing an increase in the number of bacteria in the colony.

A

Exponential phase(log phase)

181
Q

As the number of bacteria in the colony grow resources are often reduced. The reduction of resources slows reproduction, and resources are often reduced.

A

Stationary phase

182
Q

After the bacteria have exceeded the ability of the environment to support the number of bacteria, this marks the depletion of resources.

A

Death phase

183
Q

This graph is a specialized representation of a logarithmic data set. They can be made easier to interpret because the other wise curved nature of the logarithmic data is made linear by a change in the axis ratio.

A

Semi log plot

184
Q

Bacteria growth curve is an example of a

A

Semilog plot

185
Q

Viruses may be as small as ____ or as large as ____.

A

20nm

300nm

186
Q

Prokaryotes are ____ in length.

A

1-10 um

187
Q

What are viruses composed of?

A

Genetic material
Protein coat- capsid
Sometimes envelope containing lipids

188
Q

Gentic information in viruses can be

A

DNA or RNA
Circular or linear
Single stranded or double standed

189
Q

Which viruses are more sensitive to heat, detergents, and less likely to persist on surfaces for an extended period of time.

A

Enveloped viruses

190
Q

Viruses cannot reproduce independently, they are considered

A

Obligate intracellular parasites

191
Q

Viruses must express and replicate genetic information within a host cell because they lack

A

Ribosomes to carry out protein synthesis

192
Q

Bacteriophages contain what other structures?

A

Tail sheath

Tail fibers

193
Q

Bacteriophage structure that acts lika a syringe injecting material into a bacterium.

A

Tail sheath

194
Q

Helps bacteriophage recognize and connect to the correct host cell

A

Tail fibers

195
Q

Single stranded RNA viruses may be?

A

Positive sense or negative sense

196
Q

Viruses genome may be directly translated to functional proteins by ribsomes in the host cell, just like mRNA.

A

Positive sense

197
Q

This viruses RNA strand acts as a template for synthesis of a complementary strand which can then be used as a template for protein synthesis.

A

Negative sense virus

198
Q

Negative sense RNA viruses must carry an ______ in the virion to ensure that the complementary strand is synthesized.

A

RNA replicase

199
Q

Enveloped, single stranded RNA viruses. Virions contain two identical RNA molecules

A

Reteoviruses

200
Q

Retroviruses contain an enzyme which synthesis DNA from single stranded RNA.

A

Reverse transcriptase

201
Q

Synthesized DNA from a retrovirus is incorporated in a cells ?

A

Genome, making it infected forever

202
Q

A protein called _____ on the HIV virus must bind to _____ and ______ proteins onthe cell surface.

A

Envelope
CD4
CCR5

203
Q

Enveloped viruses fuse with the ______ after binding to the cells receptors.

A

Cell membrane

204
Q

After reverse transcriptase turns the HIV virus’s RNA into DNA, another viral enzyme,______, inserts the DNA copy into the cell’s DNA.

A

Integrase

205
Q

In the immature new virus copy, the HIV enzyme, _____, modifies viral protein chains, enabling virions to mature.

A

Protease

206
Q

Viruses can only infect

A

A specific set of cells

207
Q

True or false. Once the virus binds to the correct receptor, the virus and the cell are brought into close proximity to permit additional interactions.

A

True

208
Q

A host cell may mistake a virus boumd to its membrane as nutirents or other useful molecule and will actually bring it in via

A

Endocytosis

209
Q

Most DNA viruses must enter the ______ in order to be transcribed into mRNA.

A

Nucleus

210
Q

RNA viruses(except for retro viruses) stay in the _____ to have there RNA translated.

A

Cytoplasm

211
Q

Viral RNA is translated into proteins using what material from the host cell.

A

Ribosomes
tRNA
Amino acids
Enzymes

212
Q

Viral genome must be returned to its ______ form before packaging.

A

Original

213
Q

Virus progeny may released due to

A
  1. cell death
  2. lysis
  3. Extrusion
214
Q

a process where a cell exports large particles or organelles (transports them through its cell membrane to the outside)

A

Extrusion

215
Q

A virus that is exiting a cell by extrusion is saud to be in what cycle?

A

Productive cycle

216
Q

Bacteriophages may enter what two cycles?

A

Lytic cycle

Lysogenic cycle

217
Q

Cycle in which the bacteriophage produces massive numbers of new virions until the cell lyses.

A

Lytic cycle

218
Q

Viruses in the lytic cycle are termed.

A

Virulent

219
Q

Cycle in which a virus integrates into the host genome as a provirus or prophage, which can then reproduce along with the cell.

A

Lysogenic cycle

220
Q

Although a virus may remain in the Lysogenic cycle indefinitely, _______ factors may cause the provirus to leave the cell genome and revert to a lytic cycle.

A

Environmental factors(radiation, light, or chemicals) basically a stimulus

221
Q

The provirus may extract bacterial genes as it exits the Lysogenic cycle which allows ________ of genes from one bacterium to another

A

Transduction

222
Q

Simultaneous infection of different viruses

A

Superinfection

223
Q

Infection with one strain of phage generally makes a bacterium less susceptible to.

A

Superinfection

224
Q

Infectious proteins that cause disease by triggering misfolding of other proteins.

A

Prions

225
Q

Prions usually convert proteins from an _______ structure to a ________.

A

Alpha helical

B pleated sheet

226
Q

True or False. Prions misfolding of proteins drastically reduces the solubilty of the protein, as well as the cells abilty to degrade it causing it to accumulate interfering with cell function.

A

True

227
Q

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Familial fatal insomnia

A

Prion diseases

228
Q

Small pathogens consting of very short circular single stranded RNA that can turn off genes, resulting in metabolic and structural changes. And potentially cell death.

A

Viroids

229
Q

Viroids are classically thought of as plant pathogens but a few examples of human viroids exists such as.

A

HDV heptatis D virus

230
Q

Alone HDV is innocuous but when coinfected with ________, HDV is able to exert its silencing effect on human hepatocytes.

A

HBV hepatitis B virus

Biology MCAT (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions