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Hematology 101 > Chapter 2: RBC Formation, Metabolism, and Destruction > Flashcards

Chapter 2: RBC Formation, Metabolism, and Destruction Flashcards

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1
Q

_______ is used to describe the process of RBC production

A

Eythropoiesis

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2
Q

This occurs in distinct anatomical sites called

A

Eythropoietic islands

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3
Q

_______ accounts for 5% to 38% of nucleated cells in normal bone

A

Erythroid cells

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4
Q

________ means decrease in oxygen content within the tissues

A

Tissue Hypoxia

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5
Q

True or False: Tissue Hypoxia is a primary stimulus for the production of RBC

A

True

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6
Q

_______ refers to all stages of erythrocyte development encompassing the earliest precursor cells in the bone marrow

A

Erythron

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7
Q

What are the basic substances needed for normal eythrocyte and hemoglobin production?

A
  1. Amino acids (protein)
  2. Iron
  3. Vitamin B12
  4. Vitamin B6
  5. Folic acid (B2 complex)
  6. Trace minerals (cobalt & nickel)
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8
Q

_______ is produced primarily by the KIDNEYS (80 to 90%) and LIVER (10 to 15%)

A

Eyrythropoietin (EPO)

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9
Q

Which organ is the primary source of EPO in the UNBORN

A

Liver

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10
Q

This is the site of EPO production in kidneys

A

Peritubular cells

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11
Q

EPO prevents ______

A

Eythroid cells apoptosis

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12
Q

Maturation through nucleated cell stages in _____ days

A

4 or 5

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13
Q

Bone marrow reticulocytes (days)

A

2.5 days

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14
Q

Reticulocytes in circulation (day/s)

A

1 day (0.5 to 1% of the circulating erythrocytes)

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15
Q

This is common in the US

A

Normoblastic

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16
Q

Common in Europe

A

Erythroblastic

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17
Q

Rubriblastic has what types of precursors?

A
  1. Rubriblast
  2. Prorubricyte
  3. Rubricyte
  4. Metarubricyte
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18
Q

_________ is the creator of Wright Stain

A

James Homer Wright

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19
Q

This is a stain for acid

A

Eosin (H+ = Hgb)

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20
Q

This is a stain for Alkaline/Basic

A

Methylene Blue (OH- = DNA, RNA)

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21
Q

_______ is also known as Rubriblast, Proerythroblast

A

Pronormoblast

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22
Q

N:C ratio of Pronormoblast

A

8:1

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23
Q

Pronormoblast has a ________ and ______ which STAINS INTENSELY

A

Fine and Uniform chromatin pattern

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24
Q

______ days for the pronormoblast to develop into the ________

A

3 days, orthochromic normoblast

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25
Q

This is the earliest recognizable RBC precursor in light microscopy

A

Pronormoblast

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26
Q

Basophilic normoblast is also known as

A

Prorubricyte, Basophilic erythroblast

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27
Q

Basophilic is slightly smaller than _____

A

Rubriblast

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28
Q

N:C ratio of Basophilic normoblast is

A

4:1

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29
Q

This is the last stage with nucleolus

A

Basophilic normoblast

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30
Q

What does Basophilic normoblast looks like when stained?

A

Cytoplasm is less; intensely basophilic

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31
Q

Why does the Basophilic normoblast is intensely basophilic? What is the stain?

A

Due to RNA, methylene blue (intensely blue)

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32
Q

Polychromatophilic normoblast is also known as

A

Rubricyte, Polychromatophilic erythroblast

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33
Q

This is where hemoglobin appears for the first time

A

Polychromatophilic normoblast

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34
Q

N:C ratio for Polychromatophilic normoblast is

A

1:1

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35
Q

What does Polychromatophilic normoblast looks like when stained?

A

Muddy, light gray appearance; pink coloration mixed with basophilia (red is hemoglobin; blue is RNA)

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36
Q

This is the last stage capable of mitosis

A

Polychromatophilic normoblast

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37
Q

Orthochromic normoblast is also known as

A

Metarubricyte, Orthochromic erythroblast

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38
Q

What does Orthrochromic normoblast looks like when stained?

A

Nucleus is tightly condensed; pyknotic (dense or compact)

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39
Q

True or False: In Orthochromic normoblast, in a much later stage, nucleus will be extruded from the cell

A

True

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40
Q

This is a last stage with nucleus

A

Orthochromic normoblast

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41
Q

____ occurs in the bone marrow and later takes place in the circulating blood

A

Polychromatophilic erythrocyte

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42
Q

When in supravital stain, Polychromatophilic erythrocyte is

A

Reticulocyte

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43
Q

Last stage capable of hemoglobin synthesis

A

Polychromatophilic erythrocyte

44
Q

In Polychromatophilic erythrocyte, reticulocytes retained in the marrow for _____ days

A

2-3 days (1-2 days in circulation)

45
Q

An increased in number when reticulocytes are prematurely released under the stimulus of EPO is known as

A

Acute bleeding

46
Q

When stained with a supravital stain, stress reticulocytes exhibit a

A

Much denser, meshlike network

47
Q

An elevated reticulocyte count accompanies a shortened RBC survival

A

Polychromatophilia, polychromasia, reticulocytosis

48
Q

Earliest recognizable

A

Pronormoblast, Proerythroblast, Rubriblast

49
Q

Last stage with MITOSIS

A

Polychromatophilic normoblast, Polychromatophilic erythroblast,
Rubricyte

50
Q

Last stage with NUCLEOLUS

A

Basophilic normoblast, Basophilic eryhtroblast, Prorubricyte

51
Q

Last stage with NUCLEUS

A

Orthochromic normoblast, Orthochromic erythrocyte, Metarubricyte

52
Q

Last stage that can SYNTHESIZE HEMOGLOBIN

A

Reticulocyte

53
Q

This pathway is where the ATP is controllung the flow of sodium and potassium in and out of the RBC

A

Embden-Meyerhof Pathway (EMP)

54
Q

Embden-Meyerhof Pathway (EMP) important enzyme

A

Pyruvate Kinase (Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency)

55
Q

This pathway is also known as the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

A

Hexose monophosphate pathway (HPP/PPP)

56
Q

This pathway has a decreased activity of enzyme resulting in oxidizes hemoglobin which denatures and precipitates as Heinz bodies

A

Hexose monophosphate pathway

57
Q

Hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP) important enzyme

A

G6PD, Glutathione

58
Q

This pathway maintains the iron in the hemoglobin and reduces the ferrous state for oxygen transport

A

Methemoglobin reductase pathway

59
Q

Methemoglobin reductase pathway’s important enzyme

A

Methemoglobin reductase or Cytochrome b5 reductase

60
Q

This pathway allows the production of 2,3 DPG; combines reversibly with the deoxygenated hemoglobin, decreasjng the affinity

A

Rapoport-Luebering pathway

61
Q

___ has a bioconcave shape disk

A

RBC

62
Q

Cell membrane according to BROWN

A

50% protein
40% lipid
10% carbohydrate

63
Q

Cell membrane according to RODAK

A

52% protein
40% lipid
8% carbohydrate

64
Q

2 classes of proteins in the membrane

A

Integral/Transmembrane
Peripheral/Cytoskeleton/Skeletal

65
Q

Serves as a transport and adhesion

A

Integral/Transmembrane

66
Q

Integral/Transmembrane’s proteins

A

Protein 4.1, ankyrin, Glycophorin A

67
Q

Responsible for the negative charge of the red blood cell

A

Glycophorin A (M & N antigen)

68
Q

Does not penetrate bilayer

A

Peripheral/Cytoskeleton/Skeletal

69
Q

Peripheral/Cytoskeleton/Skeletal’s proteins

A

alpha and beta spectrin, Actin

70
Q

_____ consists of an alpha and beta chain; helix circular pattern like a spring

A

Spectrin

71
Q

_____ is a contractile protein; deforms RBC

A

Actin

72
Q

Variation in SHAPE

A

Poikilocytosis

73
Q

Variation in SIZE

A

Anisocytosis

74
Q

Variation in HEMOGLOBIN CONTENT

A

Anisochromia

75
Q

This has a normal hemoglobin content, centrall pallor, and occupies 1/3 of the cell diameter

A

Normochromic

76
Q

Decreased hemoglobin content with increased central pallor

A

Hypochromic

77
Q

Does not have a central pallor but increased thickness; often seen in spherocytes, sickle cell, Hb CC and SC

A

Hyperchromic

78
Q

RBC: shift to the left

A

Microcytosis

79
Q

RBC: shift to the right

A

Macrocytosis

80
Q

WBC: shift to the left

A

Hyposegmented neutrophil

81
Q

WBC: shift to the right

A

Hypersegmented neutrophil

82
Q

ODC: shift to the left

A

Increased oxygen affinity

83
Q

ODC: shift to the right

A

Decreased oxygen affinity

84
Q

Spherical in shape, does not have central pallor

A

Spherocyte/Bronze Cell

85
Q

DECREASED surface membrane ratio to volume ratio
INCREASED MCHC

A

Spherocyte/Bronze Cell

86
Q

MCHC g/dL of Spherocyte/Bronze Cell

A

36 and 38 g/dL

87
Q

Centrally stained with thin outer rim of hemoglobin

A

Codocyte/Leptocyte/Traget Cell/ Thin Cell

88
Q

Increases in cholesterol and phospholipid

A

Codocyte/Leptocyte/Traget Cell/ Thin Cell

89
Q

Slit-like (rectangular) area of central pallor

A

Stomatocyte/Mouth Cell

90
Q

Lost the indentation to one side

A

Stomatocyte/Mouth Cell

91
Q

Red bloos cell fragments

A

Schistocyte

92
Q

Single pointed extension resembling a teardop or pear

A

Dacrocyte/Teardrop cell

93
Q

RBC fragment in shape of HELMET

A

Helmet Cell/Keratocyte

94
Q

Shape of a sickle or crescent, formation of rod-like polymers of hemoglobin S

A

Sickle cell

95
Q

Elliptical (cigar shaped) and Oval (egg shaped)

A

Elliptocyte/Ovalocyte/Cigar cell

96
Q

Crenated RBC, blunt spicules evenly distributed

A

Echinocyte/Burr Cell

97
Q

Echinocyte/Burr Cell is seen in which disease?

A

Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency

98
Q

Irregularly spaced projections; spicule vary in width but with bulbous, rounded end

A

Acanthocyte/Spur Cell/Thorn Cell

99
Q

RBC membrane folded over

A

Folded cell/Biscuit cell

100
Q

Folded/Biscuit cell is associated in which disease?

A

Hemoglobin C and SC

101
Q

RBC with one or more semi-circular portions

A

Bite Cell/Keratocyte/Degma Cell

102
Q

Bite Cell/Keratocyte/Degma Cell is associated with which disease?

A

G6PD deficiency

103
Q

RBC with thin rim of hemoglobin and a large clear central area

A

Analocyte/Ghost Cell

104
Q

Analocyte/Ghost Cell is often associated with

A

Artifact

105
Q

“Poker-chip” stacking of RBC

A

Roleaux formation

106
Q

Roleaux formation is associated with

A

Cold agglutinins

Hematology 101 (5 decks)

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