Chapter 1: Hematopoiesis Flashcards
______ is inside the nucleus
DNA
Cell division occurs in
Nucleus
This acts as a catalyst and produces protein
Enzymes
A homegenous, continuous, aqueous solution in the cytoplasmic matrix
Cytosol
It has small and large subunit; found free in the cytoplasm and on the surface rough edoplasmic reticulum. It also serves as a site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Synthesizes phospholipids and steroids
Detoxifies drugs
Stores calcium
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
It synthesizes most membrane-bound protein
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
____ are present which results to its roughness
Ribosomes
It is the non-mitosis stages of the cell cycle and has G1, S, and G2. The total of duration is 22 hours.
Interphase.
It has two identical daughter cells as one receives the whole set of DNA, which is then replicated during the S phase. It’s duration is 1 hour.
Mitosis (M-phase)
G1 phase is also known as
Gap 1 phase
This is where cells grows rapidly, resulting in a period of cell growth and synthesis, which is necessary for replication.
G1 phase (duration: 10 hours)
S phase is also known as
Synthesis phase
This is where DNA is replicated to continue as a daughter cell
S phase (duration: 8 hours)
This is an exact copy of each chromosome is produced, which are paired together as
Sister chromatids
G2 phase is also known as
Gap 2 phase
This is where cells produce material essential for cell division
G2 Phase (duration: 4 hours)
_____ is a phase in where it is checked for proper replication and damage
G2 Phase
G0 phase is also known as
Quiescense
This is known as the ‘guardian of the gnome’
p53
This phase is where cells are not active in the cell cycle
G0 phase
Check points occurs when?
a. End if G1 and G2 phase
b. After DNA replication in S phase
c. Before M phase
d. Before G1 but after G2 phase
A and C
This is where centrosome begin to seperate and where mitotic spindle fibers appear
Propase
This is where nuclear envelope disassembles and serves as the origin of mitotic spindle fibers
Prometaphase
_______ attach to the mitotic spindle fibers
Sister chromatids (Prometaphase)
It is located at the equidistant from the centrosome poles; has a north and south pole
Metaphase
The sister chromatids separate and move on the mitotic spindle fibers towards the centrosomes on opposite poles
Anaphase
The nuclear membrane reassembles around each set of chromosome as the mitotic spindle fiber disappears
Telophase
This is where the cell divides into two identical daughter cells
Cytokinesis
________ is present in a small number in the bone marrow (<1%)
Stem cells
If the stem cells in the bone marrow are >1%, what is the disease?
Pre-leukemia (1-19%; Leukemia > 20%)
_______ is the mother of all stem cell
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
This is the most versatile type of stem cell; give rise to all cell lineage
Totipotent Hematopoietic Stem Cell (THSC)
This is capable of giving rise to multiple lineages of blood cells
Pluripotential or Multipotential stem cell
Give rise to a single lineage of blood cell
Unipotential stem cell
_______ can be used for the identification and origin of stem cells
Immunophenotypic analysis using flow cytometry
What are the characteristics of stem cell?
- Self-renewal
- Differentiated progeny
- Reconstitute the hematopoietic system (of a lethally irradiated host)
What are the fate of HSC?
- Self-renewal
- Differentation
- Apoptosis (normal cell death)
_____ has Glycoprotein, encoded on Chromosome 1q, and is a stem cell marker
CD34
(Younger to Mature Cells)
Decreases with maturity
General size
Nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
(Younger to Mature Cells)
________ becomes more condense
Chromatin pattern
(Younger to Mature Cells)
_________ is not visible in mature cells
Presence of nucleoli
(Younger to Mature Cells)
Color progresses to
Darker blue, lighter blue, blue-gray, pink (DLBP)
(Younger to Mature Cells)
Granulation progresses to
No granules, non specific, specific
(Younger to Mature Cells)
What increases with age?
Vacuoles
_______ is a continuous, regulated process of blood cell production
Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis includes (According to Rodak)
- Cell renewal
- Proliferation
- Differentiation
- Maturation
It is involves in the production of blood cells from human stem cells with subsequent cellular differentiation and development (TURGEON)
Hematopoiesis
The processes results in formation, development, and specialization that are
Released from the bone marrow to the circulation
______ is restricted primarily to the bone marrow
Healthy adults (extramedullary)
Hematopoiesis consists of
- Bone marrow
- Liver
- Spleen
- Lymph nodes
- Thymus
In FETUS, hematopoiesis takes place at various places in the
Liver, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes
Major locations for Hematopoiesis
- Yolk sac
- Aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM)
- Fetal liver
- Bone marrow
- Thymus
Major locations for lymphocytes in the Hematopoiesis
Spleen and lymph nodes of the secondary lymphoid tissues
____ occurs in the MESOBLASTIC phase
Primitive Hematopoiesis (embryonic)
_______ Begins during the FETAL HEPATIC phase and continuous through adult life
Definitive Hematopoiesis (A1, A2, F)
This is the sites for Hematopoiesis in ADULT bone
RSVP
- Ribs
- Sternum
- Skull
- Scapulae
- Vertebrae
- Pelvic bones
- Proxim ends of the long bone
Stem cell maturation progress to
Hematopoietic stem cell
Hematopoietic has two CFU which are
CFU-L and CFU-S
CFU-L progress to
CFU-T - Thymus - T cell
CFU-B - Bone marrow - B cell
CFU-S progress to
CFU-GM
BFU-E
CFU-Meg
CFU-GM has two CFU which are
CFU-G - Basophils, eosinophils, Neutrophils
CFU- Mo - Monocytes
BFU-E progresses to
CFU-E –‘EPO’–> RBC
CFU-Meg progress to
Platelet (w/ the help of TPO)
______ has large nucleated cells
Primitive erythrocytes
Primitive erythrocytes contains embryonic hemoglobins which are
Gower 1, Gower 2, and Portland
In Erythropoiesis, _______ occurs in distinct anatomical sites called
Erythropoietic islands
______ accounts for 5% to 35% of nucleated cells in normal bones marrow
Erythroid cells
In Granulopoiesis, _____ accounts for 23% to 85% of nucleated cells in normal bone marrow
Myeloid cells
In Granulopoiesis, ______ resides in the PROLIFERATING pool and MATURATION STORAGE pool
Neutrophils
In Granulopoiesis, MATURING CELLS spend an average of ______ days in the PROLIFERATING POOL
3 to 6 days
In Granulopoiesis, cells from the storage pool can exit into the circulation rapidly and will have an AVERAGE LIFESPAN of
6 to 10 hours
In Lymphopoiesis, _____ and _____ are produced in lympoid follicles
Lymphocytes and plasma cells
In Lymphopoiesis, ______ accounts for 1% to 5% in the norm bone marrow
Lymphoid cells
Megakaryopoiesis takes place
Adjacent to the sinus endothelium
Megakaryocytes protrude through the vascular wall as small cytoplasmic process to
Deliver platelets into the sunusoidal blood
Megakaryocytes develop into platelets in approximately _____ days
5 days
Mesoblastic phase starts at
19 or 20 days of gestation
Mesoblastic phase ends at
8 to 12 week of gestation
Mesoblastic’s site of hematopoiesis is at
Mesodermal cells of the yolk sac (aorta-gonad mesonephros or AGM)
Mesoblastic’s blood cells present are
Primitive erythroblasts (blood that need oxygen)
Add note:
- Alpha globulin production begins at mesoblastic and continues throughout life (Ciulla)
Mesoblastic’s hemoglobins are
Gower 1, Gower 2, Portland (increase oxygen affinity and oxygen is from mother)
Hepatic phase starts at (RODAK)
5 to 7 week of gestational
Hepatic phase starts at (STEININGER)
5 to 6 week of gestation
Hepatic phase peaks at
3rd month of fetal life (TURGEON)
Hepatic phase ends at
1 to 2 weeks AFTER BIRTH
Hepatic phase main and minor site of hematopoiesis
Main: Liver
Minor: Spleen, Thymus, Lymph nodes
Hepatic’s red blood cells present are
RBC, Granulocytes, Monocytes, Megakaryocytes/Platelets (all except lymphocytes)
Hepatic’s hemoglobins are
Hb F (major)
Hb A1 (adult)
Hb A2
Medullary or Myeloid phase starts at
5th month of gestation
Medullary or Myeloid phase ends at
Lifetime
Medullary or Myeloid phase red blood cells are
All blood cells
Medullary or Myeloid phase hemoglobins are
Hb A1 (major)
Hb A2
Hb F
Two types of Hematopoietic Hormones
TPO and EPO
Thrombopoietin (TPO) is also known as
mpl kit ligand (RODAK)
Thrombopoietin (TPO) is synthesized in the
Liver
Erythropoietin (EPO) is primarily PRODUCED by _____ and the _____
Kidneys (85 to 90%) and the Liver (10 to 15%)
Erythropoietin (EPO) primary SOURCE in the newborn is
Liver
Erythropoietin (EPO) is PRODUCED in
Renal peritubular interstitial cells or Renal tubular cells
Erythropoietin (EPO) molecular weight is
34 kD/34,000 Daltons
Erythropoietin (EPO) prevents
Apoptosis of erythroid precursors
Erythropoietin (EPO) induces _____ and serves as ______ causing the _______ to differentiate into ________
- HEMOGLOBIN SYNTHESIS
- DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR
- CFU-E
- PRONORMOBLASTS
This is the first human hematopoietic growth factor to be identified
Erythropoietin (EPO)
This is encoded on CHROMOSOME 7
Erythropoietin (EPO)
True or False: if O2 is high, kidneys send EPO as signal to stem cells to produce RBC (supplies)
False: O2 is low for EPO to send signal
True or False: RBC depends on the oxygen level
True
True or False: If there is too much O2, there is hypoventilation
False, hyperventilation
______ is a major hematopoietic organ, and a primary lymphoid tissue
Bone Marrow
Known as the body’s largest organ and is approximately 3.5% to 6% of total body weight
Bone Marrow
In the Bone Marrow, the _______ is a predominant cell
Metamyelocyte (Juvenile)
The Bone Marrow consists of
Hematopoietic cells, Fat, Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, and stroma
Hematopoietic cells consists of
Erythroid, Myeloid, Lymphoid, and Megakaryocyte
During infancy and early adulthood, the body contains primarily ______
Red (active) marrow
True or False: The male has more RBC because they have more muscle mass, therefore, they do not need oxygen
False, muscle mass = increase oxygen
The Bone Marrow has two types of marrow which are
Red and Yellow Marrow
______ is an active marrow
Red Marrow
Red marrow consists of developing _____
Blood cells and their progenitors
By the age of 18, red marrow is found only in the _____________
- Vertebrae
- Ribs
- Sternum
- Skull bones
- Pelvis
- Proximal epiphyses of femur
- Humerus
True or False: Red marrow becomes Yellow Marrow in adulthood
True
______ is inactive marrow
Yellow Marrow
Yellow Marrow is primarily composed of
Adipocytes (fat cells), undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and macrophages
Under ______, yellow marrow will revert to active red marrow
Physiological stress
True or False: Yellow marrow is capable of reverting back to active marrow (red) in cased of increase demand on the bone marrow
True
Yellow marrow is capable of reverting back to active marrow (red) in cased of increase demand on the bone marrow, such as ______ or ______
Excessive blood loss or Hemolysis
_______ is the process of replacing the red marrow by yellow marrow during development
Retrogression
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis is associated with which disease?
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
It is outside of the bone marrow production if blood cells (abnormal)
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
In Extramedullary Hematopoiesis, the ____ and ____ revert back to producing immature blood cells as extramedullary sites
Spleen and Liver
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis can occur in ______, where there is increased demand placed on the bone marrow
Hemolytic anemia
In Extramedullary Hematopoiesis, in cases of _____ and ______, the blood cells are not produced due to the ______ or ________
Aplastic Anemia and Leukemia
Fibrotic nature of the bone marrow or Infiltration with malignant cells
When the bone marrow becomes DYSFUNCTIONAL, in cases of aplastic anemia, infiltration of malignant cells, or overproliferation of a cell line
Leukemia
When the bone marrow is UNABLE TO MEET DEMANDS placed
Hemolytic Anemia
_________ is the main site for hematopoiesis during the HEPATIC PHASE and the production of THROMBOPOIETIN (TPO)
Liver
________ is hereditary or acquired defects in the enzyme, involves in heme biosynthesis
Porphyrias
_________ is when the liver increases the CONJUGATION OF BILIRUBIN and the STORAGE OF IRON
Severe Hemolytic Anemia
This is the largest lymphoid organ
Spleen
Spleen has two functions which are
- Filters the circulating blood
- Stores 1/3 of platelet
True of False: Lymphoid plays a role in the formation of new lymphocytes from the GERMINAL CENTERS
True
True or False: Lymph Node is involve in the processing of specific immunoglobulins
True
True or False: Lymph Node does not filter particulate matter such as debris and bacteria entering the lymph node via the lymph
False, it filters the particulate matter
_______ is the FIRST FULLY DEVELOPED ORGAN in the FETUS
Thymus
Maturation site of T-lymhocyte
Thymus
