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Hematology 101 > Chapter 1: Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Hematopoiesis Flashcards

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1
Q

______ is inside the nucleus

A

DNA

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2
Q

Cell division occurs in

A

Nucleus

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3
Q

This acts as a catalyst and produces protein

A

Enzymes

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4
Q

A homegenous, continuous, aqueous solution in the cytoplasmic matrix

A

Cytosol

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5
Q

It has small and large subunit; found free in the cytoplasm and on the surface rough edoplasmic reticulum. It also serves as a site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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6
Q

Synthesizes phospholipids and steroids
Detoxifies drugs
Stores calcium

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

It synthesizes most membrane-bound protein

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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8
Q

____ are present which results to its roughness

A

Ribosomes

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9
Q

It is the non-mitosis stages of the cell cycle and has G1, S, and G2. The total of duration is 22 hours.

A

Interphase.

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10
Q

It has two identical daughter cells as one receives the whole set of DNA, which is then replicated during the S phase. It’s duration is 1 hour.

A

Mitosis (M-phase)

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11
Q

G1 phase is also known as

A

Gap 1 phase

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12
Q

This is where cells grows rapidly, resulting in a period of cell growth and synthesis, which is necessary for replication.

A

G1 phase (duration: 10 hours)

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13
Q

S phase is also known as

A

Synthesis phase

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14
Q

This is where DNA is replicated to continue as a daughter cell

A

S phase (duration: 8 hours)

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15
Q

This is an exact copy of each chromosome is produced, which are paired together as

A

Sister chromatids

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16
Q

G2 phase is also known as

A

Gap 2 phase

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17
Q

This is where cells produce material essential for cell division

A

G2 Phase (duration: 4 hours)

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18
Q

_____ is a phase in where it is checked for proper replication and damage

A

G2 Phase

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19
Q

G0 phase is also known as

A

Quiescense

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20
Q

This is known as the ‘guardian of the gnome’

A

p53

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21
Q

This phase is where cells are not active in the cell cycle

A

G0 phase

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22
Q

Check points occurs when?

a. End if G1 and G2 phase
b. After DNA replication in S phase
c. Before M phase
d. Before G1 but after G2 phase

A

A and C

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23
Q

This is where centrosome begin to seperate and where mitotic spindle fibers appear

A

Propase

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24
Q

This is where nuclear envelope disassembles and serves as the origin of mitotic spindle fibers

A

Prometaphase

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25
Q

_______ attach to the mitotic spindle fibers

A

Sister chromatids (Prometaphase)

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26
Q

It is located at the equidistant from the centrosome poles; has a north and south pole

A

Metaphase

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27
Q

The sister chromatids separate and move on the mitotic spindle fibers towards the centrosomes on opposite poles

A

Anaphase

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28
Q

The nuclear membrane reassembles around each set of chromosome as the mitotic spindle fiber disappears

A

Telophase

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29
Q

This is where the cell divides into two identical daughter cells

A

Cytokinesis

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30
Q

________ is present in a small number in the bone marrow (<1%)

A

Stem cells

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31
Q

If the stem cells in the bone marrow are >1%, what is the disease?

A

Pre-leukemia (1-19%; Leukemia > 20%)

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32
Q

_______ is the mother of all stem cell

A

Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

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33
Q

This is the most versatile type of stem cell; give rise to all cell lineage

A

Totipotent Hematopoietic Stem Cell (THSC)

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34
Q

This is capable of giving rise to multiple lineages of blood cells

A

Pluripotential or Multipotential stem cell

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35
Q

Give rise to a single lineage of blood cell

A

Unipotential stem cell

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36
Q

_______ can be used for the identification and origin of stem cells

A

Immunophenotypic analysis using flow cytometry

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37
Q

What are the characteristics of stem cell?

A
  1. Self-renewal
  2. Differentiated progeny
  3. Reconstitute the hematopoietic system (of a lethally irradiated host)
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38
Q

What are the fate of HSC?

A
  1. Self-renewal
  2. Differentation
  3. Apoptosis (normal cell death)
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39
Q

_____ has Glycoprotein, encoded on Chromosome 1q, and is a stem cell marker

A

CD34

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40
Q

(Younger to Mature Cells)

Decreases with maturity

A

General size
Nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio

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41
Q

(Younger to Mature Cells)

________ becomes more condense

A

Chromatin pattern

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42
Q

(Younger to Mature Cells)

_________ is not visible in mature cells

A

Presence of nucleoli

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43
Q

(Younger to Mature Cells)

Color progresses to

A

Darker blue, lighter blue, blue-gray, pink (DLBP)

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44
Q

(Younger to Mature Cells)

Granulation progresses to

A

No granules, non specific, specific

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45
Q

(Younger to Mature Cells)

What increases with age?

A

Vacuoles

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46
Q

_______ is a continuous, regulated process of blood cell production

A

Hematopoiesis

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47
Q

Hematopoiesis includes (According to Rodak)

A
  1. Cell renewal
  2. Proliferation
  3. Differentiation
  4. Maturation
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48
Q

It is involves in the production of blood cells from human stem cells with subsequent cellular differentiation and development (TURGEON)

A

Hematopoiesis

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49
Q

The processes results in formation, development, and specialization that are

A

Released from the bone marrow to the circulation

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50
Q

______ is restricted primarily to the bone marrow

A

Healthy adults (extramedullary)

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51
Q

Hematopoiesis consists of

A
  1. Bone marrow
  2. Liver
  3. Spleen
  4. Lymph nodes
  5. Thymus
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52
Q

In FETUS, hematopoiesis takes place at various places in the

A

Liver, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes

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53
Q

Major locations for Hematopoiesis

A
  1. Yolk sac
  2. Aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM)
  3. Fetal liver
  4. Bone marrow
  5. Thymus
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54
Q

Major locations for lymphocytes in the Hematopoiesis

A

Spleen and lymph nodes of the secondary lymphoid tissues

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55
Q

____ occurs in the MESOBLASTIC phase

A

Primitive Hematopoiesis (embryonic)

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56
Q

_______ Begins during the FETAL HEPATIC phase and continuous through adult life

A

Definitive Hematopoiesis (A1, A2, F)

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57
Q

This is the sites for Hematopoiesis in ADULT bone

A

RSVP

  1. Ribs
  2. Sternum
  3. Skull
  4. Scapulae
  5. Vertebrae
  6. Pelvic bones
  7. Proxim ends of the long bone
58
Q

Stem cell maturation progress to

A

Hematopoietic stem cell

59
Q

Hematopoietic has two CFU which are

A

CFU-L and CFU-S

60
Q

CFU-L progress to

A

CFU-T - Thymus - T cell
CFU-B - Bone marrow - B cell

61
Q

CFU-S progress to

A

CFU-GM
BFU-E
CFU-Meg

62
Q

CFU-GM has two CFU which are

A

CFU-G - Basophils, eosinophils, Neutrophils
CFU- Mo - Monocytes

63
Q

BFU-E progresses to

A

CFU-E –‘EPO’–> RBC

64
Q

CFU-Meg progress to

A

Platelet (w/ the help of TPO)

65
Q

______ has large nucleated cells

A

Primitive erythrocytes

66
Q

Primitive erythrocytes contains embryonic hemoglobins which are

A

Gower 1, Gower 2, and Portland

67
Q

In Erythropoiesis, _______ occurs in distinct anatomical sites called

A

Erythropoietic islands

68
Q

______ accounts for 5% to 35% of nucleated cells in normal bones marrow

A

Erythroid cells

69
Q

In Granulopoiesis, _____ accounts for 23% to 85% of nucleated cells in normal bone marrow

A

Myeloid cells

70
Q

In Granulopoiesis, ______ resides in the PROLIFERATING pool and MATURATION STORAGE pool

A

Neutrophils

71
Q

In Granulopoiesis, MATURING CELLS spend an average of ______ days in the PROLIFERATING POOL

A

3 to 6 days

72
Q

In Granulopoiesis, cells from the storage pool can exit into the circulation rapidly and will have an AVERAGE LIFESPAN of

A

6 to 10 hours

73
Q

In Lymphopoiesis, _____ and _____ are produced in lympoid follicles

A

Lymphocytes and plasma cells

74
Q

In Lymphopoiesis, ______ accounts for 1% to 5% in the norm bone marrow

A

Lymphoid cells

75
Q

Megakaryopoiesis takes place

A

Adjacent to the sinus endothelium

76
Q

Megakaryocytes protrude through the vascular wall as small cytoplasmic process to

A

Deliver platelets into the sunusoidal blood

77
Q

Megakaryocytes develop into platelets in approximately _____ days

A

5 days

78
Q

Mesoblastic phase starts at

A

19 or 20 days of gestation

79
Q

Mesoblastic phase ends at

A

8 to 12 week of gestation

80
Q

Mesoblastic’s site of hematopoiesis is at

A

Mesodermal cells of the yolk sac (aorta-gonad mesonephros or AGM)

81
Q

Mesoblastic’s blood cells present are

A

Primitive erythroblasts (blood that need oxygen)

Add note:
- Alpha globulin production begins at mesoblastic and continues throughout life (Ciulla)

82
Q

Mesoblastic’s hemoglobins are

A

Gower 1, Gower 2, Portland (increase oxygen affinity and oxygen is from mother)

83
Q

Hepatic phase starts at (RODAK)

A

5 to 7 week of gestational

84
Q

Hepatic phase starts at (STEININGER)

A

5 to 6 week of gestation

85
Q

Hepatic phase peaks at

A

3rd month of fetal life (TURGEON)

86
Q

Hepatic phase ends at

A

1 to 2 weeks AFTER BIRTH

87
Q

Hepatic phase main and minor site of hematopoiesis

A

Main: Liver
Minor: Spleen, Thymus, Lymph nodes

88
Q

Hepatic’s red blood cells present are

A

RBC, Granulocytes, Monocytes, Megakaryocytes/Platelets (all except lymphocytes)

89
Q

Hepatic’s hemoglobins are

A

Hb F (major)
Hb A1 (adult)
Hb A2

90
Q

Medullary or Myeloid phase starts at

A

5th month of gestation

91
Q

Medullary or Myeloid phase ends at

A

Lifetime

92
Q

Medullary or Myeloid phase red blood cells are

A

All blood cells

93
Q

Medullary or Myeloid phase hemoglobins are

A

Hb A1 (major)
Hb A2
Hb F

94
Q

Two types of Hematopoietic Hormones

A

TPO and EPO

95
Q

Thrombopoietin (TPO) is also known as

A

mpl kit ligand (RODAK)

96
Q

Thrombopoietin (TPO) is synthesized in the

A

Liver

97
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) is primarily PRODUCED by _____ and the _____

A

Kidneys (85 to 90%) and the Liver (10 to 15%)

98
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) primary SOURCE in the newborn is

A

Liver

99
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) is PRODUCED in

A

Renal peritubular interstitial cells or Renal tubular cells

100
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) molecular weight is

A

34 kD/34,000 Daltons

101
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) prevents

A

Apoptosis of erythroid precursors

102
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) induces _____ and serves as ______ causing the _______ to differentiate into ________

A
  • HEMOGLOBIN SYNTHESIS
  • DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR
  • CFU-E
  • PRONORMOBLASTS
103
Q

This is the first human hematopoietic growth factor to be identified

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

104
Q

This is encoded on CHROMOSOME 7

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

105
Q

True or False: if O2 is high, kidneys send EPO as signal to stem cells to produce RBC (supplies)

A

False: O2 is low for EPO to send signal

106
Q

True or False: RBC depends on the oxygen level

A

True

107
Q

True or False: If there is too much O2, there is hypoventilation

A

False, hyperventilation

108
Q

______ is a major hematopoietic organ, and a primary lymphoid tissue

A

Bone Marrow

109
Q

Known as the body’s largest organ and is approximately 3.5% to 6% of total body weight

A

Bone Marrow

110
Q

In the Bone Marrow, the _______ is a predominant cell

A

Metamyelocyte (Juvenile)

111
Q

The Bone Marrow consists of

A

Hematopoietic cells, Fat, Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, and stroma

112
Q

Hematopoietic cells consists of

A

Erythroid, Myeloid, Lymphoid, and Megakaryocyte

113
Q

During infancy and early adulthood, the body contains primarily ______

A

Red (active) marrow

114
Q

True or False: The male has more RBC because they have more muscle mass, therefore, they do not need oxygen

A

False, muscle mass = increase oxygen

115
Q

The Bone Marrow has two types of marrow which are

A

Red and Yellow Marrow

116
Q

______ is an active marrow

A

Red Marrow

117
Q

Red marrow consists of developing _____

A

Blood cells and their progenitors

118
Q

By the age of 18, red marrow is found only in the _____________

A
  1. Vertebrae
  2. Ribs
  3. Sternum
  4. Skull bones
  5. Pelvis
  6. Proximal epiphyses of femur
  7. Humerus
119
Q

True or False: Red marrow becomes Yellow Marrow in adulthood

A

True

120
Q

______ is inactive marrow

A

Yellow Marrow

121
Q

Yellow Marrow is primarily composed of

A

Adipocytes (fat cells), undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and macrophages

122
Q

Under ______, yellow marrow will revert to active red marrow

A

Physiological stress

123
Q

True or False: Yellow marrow is capable of reverting back to active marrow (red) in cased of increase demand on the bone marrow

A

True

124
Q

Yellow marrow is capable of reverting back to active marrow (red) in cased of increase demand on the bone marrow, such as ______ or ______

A

Excessive blood loss or Hemolysis

125
Q

_______ is the process of replacing the red marrow by yellow marrow during development

A

Retrogression

126
Q

Extramedullary Hematopoiesis is associated with which disease?

A

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

127
Q

It is outside of the bone marrow production if blood cells (abnormal)

A

Extramedullary Hematopoiesis

128
Q

In Extramedullary Hematopoiesis, the ____ and ____ revert back to producing immature blood cells as extramedullary sites

A

Spleen and Liver

129
Q

Extramedullary Hematopoiesis can occur in ______, where there is increased demand placed on the bone marrow

A

Hemolytic anemia

130
Q

In Extramedullary Hematopoiesis, in cases of _____ and ______, the blood cells are not produced due to the ______ or ________

A

Aplastic Anemia and Leukemia

Fibrotic nature of the bone marrow or Infiltration with malignant cells

131
Q

When the bone marrow becomes DYSFUNCTIONAL, in cases of aplastic anemia, infiltration of malignant cells, or overproliferation of a cell line

A

Leukemia

132
Q

When the bone marrow is UNABLE TO MEET DEMANDS placed

A

Hemolytic Anemia

133
Q

_________ is the main site for hematopoiesis during the HEPATIC PHASE and the production of THROMBOPOIETIN (TPO)

A

Liver

134
Q

________ is hereditary or acquired defects in the enzyme, involves in heme biosynthesis

A

Porphyrias

135
Q

_________ is when the liver increases the CONJUGATION OF BILIRUBIN and the STORAGE OF IRON

A

Severe Hemolytic Anemia

136
Q

This is the largest lymphoid organ

A

Spleen

137
Q

Spleen has two functions which are

A
  1. Filters the circulating blood
  2. Stores 1/3 of platelet
138
Q

True of False: Lymphoid plays a role in the formation of new lymphocytes from the GERMINAL CENTERS

A

True

139
Q

True or False: Lymph Node is involve in the processing of specific immunoglobulins

A

True

140
Q

True or False: Lymph Node does not filter particulate matter such as debris and bacteria entering the lymph node via the lymph

A

False, it filters the particulate matter

141
Q

_______ is the FIRST FULLY DEVELOPED ORGAN in the FETUS

A

Thymus

142
Q

Maturation site of T-lymhocyte

A

Thymus

Hematology 101 (5 decks)

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