Chapter 2: Radiation And The Atom Flashcards

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1
Q

Category of radiation with no mass, is unaffected by electric or magnetic fields and has a constant speed in a given medium

A

Electromagnetic Radiation

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2
Q

Types of interaction with matter (Electromagnetic energy)

A

Scattering (change in trajectory)
Absorption (Removal of the radiation)
Transformation (energy to mass conversion)

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3
Q

Discrete particle like packets or quanta of energy

A

Photons

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4
Q

A central tenet of quantum mechanics is that all particles exhibit wave like properties and all waves exhibit particle like particles

A

Wave particle duality

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5
Q

Classical billiard ball type of collision between an xray photon and an orbital electron

A

Compton scattering event

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6
Q

Xray photons energy is completely absorbed by and results in the ejection of an orbital electron

A

Photoelectric effect

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7
Q

Wave characteristic which refers to the distance between any two identical point on adjacent cycle

A

Wavelength

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8
Q

Wave characteristics refering to the intensity of the wave

A

Amplitude

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9
Q

Wave characteristics referring to the time required to complete one cycle of a wave

A

Period

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10
Q

Number of period that occur per second

A

Frequency

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11
Q

Temporal shift of one wave with respect to the other

A

Phase

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12
Q

Energies of photons

Defined as the energy acquired by an electron as it traverses an electrical potential difference (voltage)

A

Electrovolt

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13
Q

An atom or molecule that has lost or gained one or more electrons has a net electrical charge

A

Ion

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14
Q

Xrays gamma rays are what type of radiation

A

Ionizing radiation

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15
Q

Photon energies in and below the UV region (visible infrared teragertz microwave and radio waves)

A

Non ionizing radiation

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16
Q

The minimum energies necessary to remove an electron

A

Ionization energy

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17
Q

Electrons emitted by the nuclei of radioactive atoms

A

Beta particles

18
Q

Form of antimatter that ultimately combines with matter in a unique transformation in which all of their mass is instantaneously converted to an equivalent amount of energy in the form of high energy gamma rays

B+

A

Positrons

19
Q

Uncharged nucleu particle that has a mass slightly greater than that of a proton

Released by nuclear fission and are used for radionuclide production

A

Neutron

20
Q

Consist of 2 protons and 2 neutrons

A

Alpha particle

21
Q

Smallest division of an element

A

Atom

22
Q

Outer electron shell of an atom, determines the cheminal properties of the element

A

Valence shall

23
Q

Energy required to remove an orbital electron completely from the atom

A

Orbital binding energy

24
Q

When an electron is removed from its shell by an xray or gamma ray photon or a charged particle interaction, a vacancy is created in that shell. This vacancy is usually filled by an electron from an outer shall, leaving a vacancy in teh outer shell that in turn may be filled by an electron transition from a more distant shell. This series of transition is called…

A

Electron cascade

25
Q

Collective term used to described the protons and neutrons

A

Nucleons

26
Q

Number of protons in the nucelus

A

Atomic number

27
Q

Total number of proton and neutron within the nucleus

A

Mass number

28
Q

Same atomic number

A

Isotopes

29
Q

Same atomic number and mass numbers but different energy states in the nucleus

A

Isomers

30
Q

EM radiation emitted from teh nucleus as the excited state transitions to a lower (more stable) energy state

A

Gamma ray

31
Q

Energy required to separate an atom into its constituent parts

Sum of orbital electron binding energy and nuclear binding energy

A

Atomic binding energy

32
Q

Energy necessary to disassociate a nucleus into its constituent parts and is the result of the strong forces acting between nucleons

A

Nuclear binding energy

33
Q

This is emitted by high atomic # radioactive elements. If emitted outside the body is harmless, if emitted inside the body it cases extensive cellular damage

A

Alpha particles

34
Q

Electrons emitted by the NUCLEI of radioactive atoms

A

Beta particles

35
Q

Sum of mass and energy must be conserved through transformation of one into the other (e=mc2)
Observed in annihilation radiation (PET), pair production and radioactive decay

A

Mass Energy Equivalence

36
Q

Frequency of the UV region

A

7200 nm

37
Q

Each electron occupies a discrete energy state in a given electron shell

A

Bohr Model

38
Q

Contains the highest energy in the Bohr model

A

K shell, innermost shell

39
Q

Energy released by each transition of the electron cascade

A

If >100eV, release xrays or flourescent xrays, else Auger electron emission

40
Q

Nuclides that decay to a more stable nuclei

A

Radioactive decay