Chapter 2: Principles of Physical Fitness Flashcards
Physical activity
Body movement that is carried out by the skeletal muscles and requires energy.
Exercise
Planned, structured, repetitive movement intended to improve or maintain physical fitness.
Physical fitness
A set of physical attributes that allows the body to respond or adapt to the demands and stress of physical effort.
Health-related fitness
Physical capacities that contribute to health: cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition.
Cardiorespiratory endurance
The ability of the body to perform prolonged, large-muscle, dynamic exercise at moderate to high levels of intensity.
Oxygen
An element that is critical for generating usable energy in the body and is an important component of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Muscular strength
The ability of a muscle to exert force in a single maximum effort.
Relative strength
The maximum force exerted, relative to body weight, body size, and muscle size.
Metabolism
The sum of all the vital processes by which food energy and nutrients are made available to and used by the body.
Muscular endurance
The ability of a muscle to remain contracted or to contract repeatedly for a long period of time.
Flexibility
The ability to move joints through their full ranges of motion.
Body composition
The proportion of fat and fat-free mass (muscle, bone, and water) in the body.
Fat-free mass
The nonfat component of the human body, consisting of skeletal muscle, bone, and water.
Somatotype
A body-type classification system that describes people as predominantly muscular (mesomorph), tall and thin (ectomorph), or round and heavy (endomorph).
Skill (neuromuscular)-related fitness
Physical capacities that contribute to performance in a sport or an activity, including speed, power, agility, balance, coordination, and reaction time; neuromuscular fitness refers specifically to maintaining performance levels of balance, agility, and coordination through the control of muscles and movement by the brain and spinal column.
Adaptations
The physiological changes that occur with exercise training.
Physical training
The performance of different types of activities that cause the body to adapt and improve its level of fitness.
Specifity
The training principle that developing a particular fitness component requires performing exercises specifically designed for that component.
Progressive overload
The training principle that progressively increasing amounts of stress on the body causes adaptation that improves fitness.
FITT acronym
The four dimensions (frequency, intensity, time, and type) that determine the overload needed to maintain or improve a particular level of fitness for a particular fitness component.
Reversibility
The training principle that fitness improvements are lost when demands on the body are lowered.
Exercise stress test
A test usually administered on a treadmill or cycle ergometer using an electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) to analyze changes in electrical activity in the heart during exercise; used to determine if any heart disease is present and to assess current fitness level.
Graded exercise test (GXT)
An exercise test that starts at an easy intensity and progresses to maximum capacity.
Overtraining
A condition caused by training too much or too intensely, characterized by lack of energy, decreased physical performance, and aching muscles and joints.
