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Pharmacology > Chapter 2- Principles Of Drug Action And Drug Interactions > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Principles Of Drug Action And Drug Interactions Flashcards

0
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

The study of interactions between drugs and their receptors and the series of events resulting in pharmacological response

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1
Q

True or False?

Drugs do not create new responses but alter existing physiologic activity

A

True

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2
Q

Agonists are?

A

Drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a response

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3
Q

Antagonists are?

A

Drugs that attach to a receptor but do not stimulate a response

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4
Q

Drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a response but inhibits other responses are?

A

Partial antagonists

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5
Q

What is ADME

A

A: absorption
D: distribution
M: metabolism
E: excretion

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6
Q

What is the study of the mathematical relationships among ADME of individual medicines over time

A

Pharmacokinetics

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7
Q

What are the most common routes of drug administration?

A

Enteral, parenteral, and percutaneous routes

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8
Q

How are drugs administered via enteral route?

A

Directly into the GI tract by oral, rectal, or nasogastric route

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9
Q

How are drugs administered via parental route?

A

Using subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous routes. Aka sub cut, IM, and IV

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10
Q

Inhalation, sublingual, and topical administrations are examples of

A

Percutaneous routes

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11
Q

The process whereby a drug is transferred from its site of entry into the body to the circulating fluids of the body for distribution around the body.

A

Absorption

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12
Q

The rate at which absorption occurs depends on?

A

The route, the blood flow, and the solubility of the drug

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13
Q

Three nursing considerations concerning absorptions are?

A

1) Administer oral drugs with an adequate amount of fluid usually a large 8 ounce glass of water.
2) Give parenteral forms properly so that they are deposited into the correct tissue for enhanced absorption.
3) Reconstitute and dilute drugs only with the diluent recommended by the manufacturer in the package literature so that the drugs solubility is not impaired

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14
Q

What is an example of an insulin site assessment (nursing implementiations)

A

If a lump remains at the injection site 2-3 hours later absorption maybe impaired

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15
Q

Rate of absorption when a drug is administered by a parenteral route depends on?

A

the rate of blood flow through the tissues

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16
Q

What is distribution?

A

Distribution refers to the ways in which drugs are transported through out the body by circulating body fluids to the site of action, metabolism, and excretion

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17
Q

What are the organs with the most extensive blood supplies?

A

The heart, liver, kidney, and brain receive the distributed drugs most rapidly.

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18
Q

Muscle, skin, and fat….

A

Are areas with less extensive blood supplies

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19
Q

Inactive drugs are

A

Drugs that are bound to plasma proteins

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20
Q

Unbound drugs are able to?

A

Be active. Defuses into tissues interact with receptors and produce physiologic effect or are metabolized and excreted.

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21
Q

Lipid soluble drugs tend to

A

Stay in the body longer

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22
Q

Lipid soluble drugs have a?

A

High affinity for adipose tissue

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23
Q

Distribution may be?

A

General or selective

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24
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Biotransformation

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25
Q

Define metabolism

A

The process whereby the body inactivates drugs

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26
Q

Where is the primary site for metabolism?

A

The liver

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27
Q

What are important factors for the conversion of drugs?

A

Genetic variation of enzyme systems, concurrent use of other drugs, exposure to environmental pollutants, concurrent illness and age.

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28
Q

Define excretion

A

That elimination of drug metabolites and the active drug itself.

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29
Q

What are two primary routes of excretion?

A

G.I. tract to the feces and renal tubes into the urine

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30
Q

Evaporation through the skin, exhalation from the lungs, and secretion into the saliva and breastmilk are examples of?

A

Other routes of excretion

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31
Q

A measure of time required for elimination is?

A

The half-life

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32
Q

Define half-life

A

The amount of time required for 50% of the drug to be a eliminated from the body

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33
Q

Define onset of action

A

When the concentration of a drug at the site of action is sufficient to start a physiologic response

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34
Q

What factors affect the onset of action?

A

Route of administration, rate of absorption, distribution and binding to receptors sites

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35
Q

The time at which a drug reaches the highest concentrations on the target receptor sites are called?

A

Peak action

36
Q

How long the drug has a pharmacologic effect is called?

A

Duration of action

37
Q

What is a drug concentration time profile?

A

A time response curve that shows the onset, peak, and duration of action of a drug

38
Q

What demonstrates the relationship between administration of a drug and response?

A

Time response curve

39
Q

What is the desired action?

A

The expected response

40
Q

What is another word for side effect?

A

Adverse effects

41
Q

What does ADR stand for?

A

Adverse drug reactions

42
Q

Define ADR

A

Any noxious, Unintended, and Undesired effect of a drug used in humans for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy

43
Q

Right drug, right dose, right patient, bad effect

A

Adverse drug reaction (ADR)

44
Q

What does ADE stand for?

A

Adverse drug events

45
Q

What is another word for adverse drug events?

A

Medication errors

46
Q

Define ADE

A

Any injury resulting from medical intervention related to a drug

47
Q

What are commonly seen ADRs?

A

Rash, nausea, itching, thrombocytopenia, vomiting, hyperglycemia, and diarrhea

48
Q

Classes of medicine that account for the large number of ADRs are?

A

Antibiotics, cardiovascular medicine, cancer chemotherapy agents, analgesics, and anti-inflammatory agents

49
Q

What are two types of drug reactions that are much more unpredictable?

A

Idiosyncratic reaction and allergic reactions

50
Q

Define Idiosyncratic reaction

A

Occurs when something unusual or abnormal happens when a drug is a first administered

51
Q

True or False?

Idiosyncratic reactions are common

A

False. They are rare.

52
Q

Allergic reactions are also known as

A

Hypersensitivity reaction

53
Q

Urticaria is another word for?

A

Hives

54
Q

What are hives?

A

Raised, irregularly shaped patches on the skin and severe itching

55
Q

A severe life threatening reaction causing respiratory distress and cardiovascular collapse is known as

A

Anaphylactic reaction

56
Q

True or False?

Anaphylactic reaction is not an emergency

A

False. It is a medical emergency and must be treated immediately

57
Q

The ability of a drug to induce living cells to mutate and become cancerous is known as?

A

Carcinogenicity

58
Q

A drug that induces birth defects is known as

A

Teratogen

59
Q

The greatest potential for birth defects caused by drugs during which trimester?

A

The first trimester of pregnancy

60
Q

List the factors that has been identified as a contributor to a variable response to drugs

A

Age, body weight, metabolic rate, illness, physiologic aspects, tolerance, dependence, and cumulative effect

61
Q

Which age group is the most sensitive to the effects of drugs?

A

Infants and the very old

62
Q

How does bodyweight influence drug action?

A

Overweight patients require an increase in dosage where as patients who are underweight require lower dosage

63
Q

How does metabolic rate influence drug action?

A

People with an higher than average metabolic rate tends to metabolize drugs rapidly needing a larger dose or more frequent administration.

64
Q

When a person begins to need a higher dosage to produce the same effects that a lower dosage had once provided is known as

A

Tolerance

65
Q

Define drug dependence

A

When a person is unable to control his or her ingestion of drugs

66
Q

What are two examples of drug dependence?

A

Physical or psychological

67
Q

What are two types of drugs that are common for drug dependence

A

Opiates and benzodiazepines

68
Q

True or false
A drug may accumulate in the body if the next dose is administered before the previously administered drug has been metabolized or excreted

A

True

69
Q

What results in drug toxicity?

A

Excessive drug accumulation

70
Q

Inebriated is the same as

A

Drunk

71
Q

What occurs when the action of one drug is altered by the action of another drug?

A

Drug interaction

72
Q

Two ways drugs interact

A

1) Agents that, when combined, increase the actions of one or both drugs
2) Agents that, when combined, decrease the effectiveness of one or both of the drugs

73
Q

Did two examples of drug food interaction

A

MAOI with wine and cheese, Coumadin with vitamin D

74
Q

What are food and drug interactions

A

When food may even increase or decrease or even alter expected response of drug

75
Q

Define incompatibility

A

What drugs do not combine chemically with other drugs

76
Q

Conditions under which the drug should not be given is known as

A

Contraindications

77
Q

A drug that counteract the effects of poison or toxicity

A

Antidote

78
Q

Antidote for digoxin

A

Digibind

79
Q

Antidote for heparin

A

Protamine sulfate

80
Q

Antidote for opioid analgesics and heroin

A

Naloxone, nalmefene

81
Q

Antidote for benzodiazepines

A

Flumazenil

82
Q

Antidote for warfarin

A

Vitamin K

83
Q

Poison control phone number?

A

1-800-222-1222

84
Q

What measures the amount of a drug present in the blood to determine if it is within the therapeutic range

A

Drug blood level

85
Q

Define Synergistic effect

A

When the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the effect of each drug alone. One plus one equals three.

86
Q

Define additive effect

A

When two drugs with similar actions have an increased effect. One plus one equals two

87
Q

Digoxin is an

A

Antiarrhythmic

Pharmacology (11 decks)

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