Chapter 2 PowerPoint Flashcards
Metabolism?
Metabolism: The sum total of all energy
required to power cellular processes and
activities:
Anabolic process?
Anabolic process: metabolic function
involving building of more complex
structures; associated with storage of
energy
Catabolic process?
Catabolic process: metabolic function
involving breakdown of complex
structures; associated with release of
energy
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): minimal
amount of energy needed to maintain life at
waking state. Measured in laboratory under
rigorous conditions
Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)?
Resting Metabolic Rate (BMR): slightly
higher amount of energy required during
state of rest; determined under less rigorous
conditions.
ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): chemical compound with three phosphate
groups attached to adenosine molecule; the direct source of energy for all
biological processes and obtained from macronutrients metabolism.
● Storage in muscles is so small that it can be mostly depleted in as little as
3 seconds of muscle activity, but never entirely!
● Fatigue protects cells’ ATP stores/production
ADP?
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP): chemical compound containing two
phosphate groups attached to an adenosine molecule. When phosphorylated,
becomes ATP
AMP?
Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP): chemical compound that contains single
phosphate group attached to adenosine molecule.
What are the three energy systems?
Phosphagen System (or ATP-CP System)
Anaerobic System (or Anaerobic Glycolysis/ Lactic Acid System)
Aerobic System
Describe the phosphagen system?
- Phosphagen System (or ATP-CP System): immediate energy system;
provides energy instantaneously through one-step process, but at limited
amounts (5-15 sec)
● Composed of high-energy phosphates ATP and creatine phosphate (high
energy phosphate stored inside muscle cells; gives phosphate group to ADP
to rebuild new ATP)
● Acts as energy buffer while ATP is produced in anaerobic & aerobic systems
● Lactic Acid produces as end product
Describe the anaerobic system?
- Anaerobic System (or Anaerobic Glycolysis/ Lactic Acid System):
● Catabolic energy pathway via glycolysis of carbohydrates
● Non-dependent on presence of oxygen
● No lactic acid produced
● Anaerobic Threshold – The point that which the aerobic system cannot sustain
energy production (ATP replenishment) at this intensity and the anaerobic
glycolysis (lactic acid) system becomes the predominant system.
Anaerobic threshold?
Anaerobic Threshold – The point that which the aerobic system cannot sustain
energy production (ATP replenishment) at this intensity and the anaerobic
glycolysis (lactic acid) system becomes the predominant system.
Aerobic system?
- Aerobic System: catabolic via glycolysis of carbohydrates, beta-oxidation of
fats, deamination of protein, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain;
● Unlimited capacity to produce ATP, but at much slower rate
● No lactic acid produced
● The more highly trained an athlete is, the faster he can move while
remaining in a steady state exercise (adequate supply of ATP from aerobic
system)
● Regular training improves muscle response by increasing the size and
number of Mitochondria, where ATP production occurs
The energy systems never work in ____; ____ working at different percentages at
different times?
The energy systems never work in isolation; ALL working at different percentages at
different times.
Gluconeogenesis?
Gluconeogenesis: anabolic (energy
consuming!) conversion of amino acids to
glucose when glucose stores are depleted.
● Most of these proteins come from
muscle, which slows down recovery and
performance.
● This often occurs in a state of starvation
and is not a preferable use of protein
Dietary Intake of Polyphenols for Recovery
Polyphenols functions for the athlete:
1.
2.
3.
● Gene activation increases mitochondrial efficiency and increased blood flow to
deliver more oxygen to the mitochondria.
● Replace damaged mitochondria while simultaneously replacing them with newly
synthesized mitochondria
○ Mitochondria supply 85% to 95% of the energy to a muscle cell, the more
efficient the mitochondria are, the greater the athletic performance.
● Generous source of antioxidants for reduced oxidative damage:
○ Although free radicals have positive effects in immune reactions and cellular
signaling, they also are known to have negative effects, such as oxidative
damage of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Free radicals derived from oxygen are
called ____ ____ ____ (____)?
Free radicals derived from oxygen are
called reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Free radicals derived from oxygen are
called reactive oxygen species (ROS)
● ____ ____ ____ in cellular
systems; involved in aging and the
onset of many types of diseases
● Produced in different ____ ____ reactions occurring in the
body (i.e. mitochondria for aerobic
oxygen production, in fatty acid
metabolism, etc.)
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Free radicals derived from oxygen are
called reactive oxygen species (ROS)
● Main oxidizing agents in cellular
systems; involved in aging and the
onset of many types of diseases
● Produced in different cellular
biochemical reactions occurring in the
body (i.e. mitochondria for aerobic
oxygen production, in fatty acid
metabolism, etc.)
How are ROS useful during exercise?
Are important signaling molecules that regulate growth, proliferation, and
differentiation, and are responsible for some key adaptations to exercise
performance at the tissue and cellular levels (Examples: mitochondrial biogenesis,
and skeletal muscle hypertrophy)
Exercise may increase oxygen consumption (V̇ O2) up to ____x above resting values.
In the mitochondria of muscle cells, this translates to ____-fold greater oxygen
utilization and subsequent production of large amount of ROS?
Exercise may increase oxygen consumption (V̇ O2) up to 20x above resting values.
In the mitochondria of muscle cells, this translates to 200-fold greater oxygen
utilization and subsequent production of large amount of ROS
During exercise, ROS are produced by ____ ____ from a range of sources, including phospholipase A2 and enzymatic sources?
Result from contraction mediated increases in muscle ____ ____ and the control of skeletal muscle ____ ____?
During exercise, ROS are produced by skeletal muscle from a range of sources,
including phospholipase A2 and enzymatic sources
Result from contraction mediated increases in muscle glucose uptake and the control of skeletal muscle blood flow
Prolonged, high-intensity, strenuous, or unaccustomed bouts of exercise have
been associated with __________________________________?
Prolonged, high-intensity, strenuous, or unaccustomed bouts of exercise have
been associated with increased contractile-induced damage and
inflammation in skeletal muscle.
While exercise-induced inflammation is necessary for muscle repair and
adaptation, the uncontrolled proliferation of inflammatory cells and oxidants
can
1.
2.
3.
exacerbate muscle damage
impair muscle function
have deteriorating impact on cells/tissue.
Better absorption of polyphenols when eaten in polyphenol-rich ____ versus as ____ ____?
Better absorption of polyphenols when eaten in polyphenol-rich foods versus as
isolated compounds
The most studied flavonoid polyphenol for increasing blood flow are those from
____?
Cocoa
The absorption of polyphenols depends on:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
● amount and size of the phenolic compound
● previous diet
● nutrient matrix
● sex and relating genetic expressions
● gut microflora
Small levels of polyphenols can enter into the blood, then become ____ ____
of the gene transcription factors that cause the increased synthesis of specialized
proteins.
gene activators
Adequate levels of polyphenols in the blood increase blood flow by increasing ____ ____ (NO) production which increases oxygen transfer to the mitochondria for still
greater _____ production.
Nitric oxide … ATP
Nutraceutical strategy?
Nutraceutical Strategy: dietary patterns in exercising individuals should include the consumption of natural antioxidant-rich foods, such as fruit rich in polyphenols or chocolate, rather than taking synthetic antioxidant supplements.
● has been increasingly proposed as a potential suitable tool for preventing or reducing oxidative stress and related inflammation during intensive physical training
Poor regulatory constrictions of commercial _____ supplements and non-pharmaceutical formulations are a concern for their safe use?
Therefore, modifying nutritional habits by the regular inclusion of polyphenol-rich fresh foods rather than with the excessive consumption of concentrated supplements, may have the most
beneficial effect by increasing the organism’s ____ ____ ____ and modulating several mechanisms involved in athletic performance.
Polyphenol
Adaptive natural defeneses
