Chapter 2 PowerPoint

Question 1

Metabolism?

Answer 1

Metabolism: The sum total of all energy
required to power cellular processes and
activities:

Question 2

Anabolic process?

Answer 2

Anabolic process: metabolic function
involving building of more complex
structures; associated with storage of
energy

Question 3

Catabolic process?

Answer 3

Catabolic process: metabolic function
involving breakdown of complex
structures; associated with release of
energy

Question 4

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

Answer 4

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): minimal
amount of energy needed to maintain life at
waking state. Measured in laboratory under
rigorous conditions

Question 5

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)?

Answer 5

Resting Metabolic Rate (BMR): slightly
higher amount of energy required during
state of rest; determined under less rigorous
conditions.

Question 6

ATP?

Answer 6

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): chemical compound with three phosphate
groups attached to adenosine molecule; the direct source of energy for all
biological processes and obtained from macronutrients metabolism.
● Storage in muscles is so small that it can be mostly depleted in as little as
3 seconds of muscle activity, but never entirely!
● Fatigue protects cells’ ATP stores/production

Question 7

ADP?

Answer 7

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP): chemical compound containing two
phosphate groups attached to an adenosine molecule. When phosphorylated,
becomes ATP

Question 8

AMP?

Answer 8

Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP): chemical compound that contains single
phosphate group attached to adenosine molecule.

Question 9

What are the three energy systems?

Answer 9

Phosphagen System (or ATP-CP System)

Anaerobic System (or Anaerobic Glycolysis/ Lactic Acid System)

Aerobic System

Question 10

Describe the phosphagen system?

Answer 10

1. Phosphagen System (or ATP-CP System): immediate energy system;
   provides energy instantaneously through one-step process, but at limited
   amounts (5-15 sec)
   ● Composed of high-energy phosphates ATP and creatine phosphate (high
   energy phosphate stored inside muscle cells; gives phosphate group to ADP
   to rebuild new ATP)
   ● Acts as energy buffer while ATP is produced in anaerobic & aerobic systems
   ● Lactic Acid produces as end product

Question 11

Describe the anaerobic system?

Answer 11

2. Anaerobic System (or Anaerobic Glycolysis/ Lactic Acid System):
   ● Catabolic energy pathway via glycolysis of carbohydrates
   ● Non-dependent on presence of oxygen
   ● No lactic acid produced
   ● Anaerobic Threshold – The point that which the aerobic system cannot sustain
   energy production (ATP replenishment) at this intensity and the anaerobic
   glycolysis (lactic acid) system becomes the predominant system.

Question 12

Anaerobic threshold?

Answer 12

Anaerobic Threshold – The point that which the aerobic system cannot sustain
energy production (ATP replenishment) at this intensity and the anaerobic
glycolysis (lactic acid) system becomes the predominant system.

Question 13

Aerobic system?

Answer 13

3. Aerobic System: catabolic via glycolysis of carbohydrates, beta-oxidation of
   fats, deamination of protein, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain;
   ● Unlimited capacity to produce ATP, but at much slower rate
   ● No lactic acid produced
   ● The more highly trained an athlete is, the faster he can move while
   remaining in a steady state exercise (adequate supply of ATP from aerobic
   system)
   ● Regular training improves muscle response by increasing the size and
   number of Mitochondria, where ATP production occurs

Question 14

The energy systems never work in ____; ____ working at different percentages at
different times?

Answer 14

The energy systems never work in isolation; ALL working at different percentages at
different times.

Question 15

Gluconeogenesis?

Answer 15

Gluconeogenesis: anabolic (energy
consuming!) conversion of amino acids to
glucose when glucose stores are depleted.
● Most of these proteins come from
muscle, which slows down recovery and
performance.
● This often occurs in a state of starvation
and is not a preferable use of protein

Question 16

Dietary Intake of Polyphenols for Recovery
Polyphenols functions for the athlete:
1.
2.
3.

Answer 16

● Gene activation increases mitochondrial efficiency and increased blood flow to
deliver more oxygen to the mitochondria.
● Replace damaged mitochondria while simultaneously replacing them with newly
synthesized mitochondria
○ Mitochondria supply 85% to 95% of the energy to a muscle cell, the more
efficient the mitochondria are, the greater the athletic performance.
● Generous source of antioxidants for reduced oxidative damage:
○ Although free radicals have positive effects in immune reactions and cellular
signaling, they also are known to have negative effects, such as oxidative
damage of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 17

Free radicals derived from oxygen are
called ____ ____ ____ (____)?

Answer 17

Free radicals derived from oxygen are
called reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Question 18

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Free radicals derived from oxygen are
called reactive oxygen species (ROS)
● ____ ____ ____ in cellular
systems; involved in aging and the
onset of many types of diseases
● Produced in different ____ ____ reactions occurring in the
body (i.e. mitochondria for aerobic
oxygen production, in fatty acid
metabolism, etc.)

Answer 18

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Free radicals derived from oxygen are
called reactive oxygen species (ROS)
● Main oxidizing agents in cellular
systems; involved in aging and the
onset of many types of diseases
● Produced in different cellular
biochemical reactions occurring in the
body (i.e. mitochondria for aerobic
oxygen production, in fatty acid
metabolism, etc.)

Question 19

How are ROS useful during exercise?

Answer 19

Are important signaling molecules that regulate growth, proliferation, and
differentiation, and are responsible for some key adaptations to exercise
performance at the tissue and cellular levels (Examples: mitochondrial biogenesis,
and skeletal muscle hypertrophy)

Question 20

Exercise may increase oxygen consumption (V̇ O2) up to ____x above resting values.
In the mitochondria of muscle cells, this translates to ____-fold greater oxygen
utilization and subsequent production of large amount of ROS?

Answer 20

Exercise may increase oxygen consumption (V̇ O2) up to 20x above resting values.
In the mitochondria of muscle cells, this translates to 200-fold greater oxygen
utilization and subsequent production of large amount of ROS

Question 21

During exercise, ROS are produced by ____ ____ from a range of sources, including phospholipase A2 and enzymatic sources?

Result from contraction mediated increases in muscle ____ ____ and the control of skeletal muscle ____ ____?

Answer 21

During exercise, ROS are produced by skeletal muscle from a range of sources,
including phospholipase A2 and enzymatic sources

Result from contraction mediated increases in muscle glucose uptake and the control of skeletal muscle blood flow

Question 22

Prolonged, high-intensity, strenuous, or unaccustomed bouts of exercise have
been associated with __________________________________?

Answer 22

Prolonged, high-intensity, strenuous, or unaccustomed bouts of exercise have
been associated with increased contractile-induced damage and
inflammation in skeletal muscle.

Question 23

While exercise-induced inflammation is necessary for muscle repair and
adaptation, the uncontrolled proliferation of inflammatory cells and oxidants
can
1.
2.
3.

Answer 23

exacerbate muscle damage

impair muscle function

have deteriorating impact on cells/tissue.

Question 24

Better absorption of polyphenols when eaten in polyphenol-rich ____ versus as ____ ____?

Answer 24

Better absorption of polyphenols when eaten in polyphenol-rich foods versus as
isolated compounds

Question 25

The most studied flavonoid polyphenol for increasing blood flow are those from
____?

Answer 25

Cocoa

Question 26

The absorption of polyphenols depends on:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Answer 26

● amount and size of the phenolic compound
● previous diet
● nutrient matrix
● sex and relating genetic expressions
● gut microflora

Question 27

Small levels of polyphenols can enter into the blood, then become ____ ____
of the gene transcription factors that cause the increased synthesis of specialized
proteins.

Answer 27

gene activators

Question 28

Adequate levels of polyphenols in the blood increase blood flow by increasing ____ ____ (NO) production which increases oxygen transfer to the mitochondria for still
greater _____ production.

Answer 28

Nitric oxide … ATP

Question 29

Nutraceutical strategy?

Answer 29

Nutraceutical Strategy: dietary patterns in exercising individuals should include the consumption of natural antioxidant-rich foods, such as fruit rich in polyphenols or chocolate, rather than taking synthetic antioxidant supplements.
● has been increasingly proposed as a potential suitable tool for preventing or reducing oxidative stress and related inflammation during intensive physical training

Question 30

Poor regulatory constrictions of commercial _____ supplements and non-pharmaceutical formulations are a concern for their safe use?

Therefore, modifying nutritional habits by the regular inclusion of polyphenol-rich fresh foods rather than with the excessive consumption of concentrated supplements, may have the most
beneficial effect by increasing the organism’s ____ ____ ____ and modulating several mechanisms involved in athletic performance.

Answer 30

Polyphenol

Adaptive natural defeneses