Chapter 1 PowerPoint

Question 1

Sports nutrition?

Answer 1

Sports Nutrition: Specialized nutrition centered
on the study of the human body and exercise
science. Focuses on:
● Facilitating repair and rebuild process
● Optimizing athletic performance
● Promoting overall health, short and long-term

Question 2

Who is the athlete in sports nutrition?

Answer 2

The athlete is any individual who is regularly
active, ranging from a fitness enthusiast to a
competitive ameateur or professional.

Question 3

Sports, Cardiovascular and Wellness Nutrition (SCAN)?

Answer 3

Sports, Cardiovascular and Wellness Nutrition (SCAN): practice group of
nutrition professionals with expertise and skills in promoting the role of
nutrition in physical performance, cardiovascular health, wellness, and
disordered eating.

Question 4

Board Certified as a Specialist in Sports Dietetics (CSSD)?

Answer 4

Board Certified as a Specialist in Sports Dietetics (CSSD): offered by the
Commission on Dietetic Registration and is granted in recognition of the
applicant’s documented practice experience in sports nutrition.

Question 5

Certification in Sport Nutrition or Nutrition Coaching?

Answer 5

Certification in Sport Nutrition or Nutrition Coaching: may give
research-informed education and guidance.

Question 6

Other sources of nutrition education may come from?

Answer 6

Other sources of nutrition education may come from: athletic trainers,
strength and conditioning coaches, team coaches, physicians.

Question 7

Athletes should be referred to a registered
dietician when?

Answer 7

Athletes should be referred to a registered
dietician when:
1. Symptoms of eating disorder
2. Diagnosed medical condition (diabetes,
hypertension, etc).
3. Athlete’s medical information needs interpreted
(i.e. laboratory data)
4. Nutrition assessment needed
5. Specific nutrition information requested outside
of the professional’s knowledge base

Question 8

What eight basic nutrition guidelines should be adjusted to meet the needs behind
the athlete’s?

Answer 8

Basic nutrition guidelines should be adjusted to meet the needs behind
the athlete’s:
● Health history (i.e. athlete with Type 1 Diabetes)
● Body composition
● Energy expenditure
● Performance goals
● Bioenergetics of his sport
● Total training and competition time
● Schedule - both the daily schedule and the schedule of eating/drinking
opportunities within training/competition
● Access to food and cooking

Question 9

Bioenergetics?

Answer 9

Bioenergetics: the cellular machinery, and metabolic pathways, and specific
energy systems utilized for the energy supply required

Question 10

Various sports require differing ____, influencing nutrition needs?

Example?

Answer 10

Various sports require differing bioenergetics, influencing nutrition needs

Example: the intermittent exhaustion over several hours demanded of a
football player contrasts to the continuous but short 10-20 minute exertion of
a rower.

Question 11

Various ____ factors make a nutrition program highly individualized?

Answer 11

Various schedule factors make a nutrition program highly individualized.

Question 12

Examples of how schedule can influence nutrient timing?

Answer 12

Examples:
● Time span to digest meal before competition. How do you help them
design a meal that digests quickly but also serves the energy demands of
his sport?
● Time span between completion of sporting event and opportunity to eat a
meal can sometimes be too lengthy (locker room debrief, getting on bus,
riding to restaurant). How do you help them strategize a quick snack that
meets their needs?

Question 13

How should athletes be educated on nutrition?

Answer 13

Athletes should be educated on
how to eat for long term health
beyond their short-term
performance goals, how to read
nutrition labels, how to
approximate caloric intake and
macronutrient percentage ratios,
and proper awareness of health
claims and food marketing targeting
them as athletes.

Question 14

Passive diffusion?

Answer 14

Passive Diffusion: movement via
concentration gradient

Question 15

Facilitated diffusion?

Answer 15

Facilitated Diffusion: movement via
concentration gradient; carried by
protein carriers

Question 16

Active transport?

Answer 16

Active Transport: carried across via
protein carriers; non-dependent on
concentration gradient

Question 17

Endocytosis?

Answer 17

Endocytosis: encircled by cell
membrane and internalized into the
cell

Question 18

4-step process of carbohydrate digestion?

Answer 18

Process:
1. Mastication (chewing) and amylase enzyme from salivary gland converts
starch to glucose molecules.
2. Starch is the only nutrient which is initial broken down in the mouth
3. Hydrolic acid in the stomach denatures salivary amylase, halting
enzymatic digestions of the starches
4. Small intestines employs digestive enzymatic action (from pancreas &
gallbladder) to break glucose down further into the maltose disaccharide.

Question 19

Carbohydrate Storage and Utilization
1. Water-soluble simple sugars transported via the ____ ____ ____ to the liver for storage as glycogen or further conversion.
2. ____ secretion from ____ manages concentration of glucose in bloodstream by initiating cell membrane glucose uptake
3. Glucose then undergoes transportation to various body tissues via
facilitated diffusion and ____ ____ ____ (GLUT)
4. Upon arriving in the cell, will either be _____ or ____ back into the blood for use.
5. When required for energy, glucose is ____ from glycogen chain and
metabolized

Answer 19

Carbohydrate Storage and Utilization
1. Water-soluble simple sugars transported via the hepatic portal system to the liver for storage as glycogen or further conversion.
2. Insulin secretion from pancreas manages concentration of glucose in bloodstream by initiating cell membrane glucose uptake
3. Glucose then undergoes transportation to various body tissues via facilitated diffusion and Glucose Transporter Proteins (GLUT)
4. Upon arriving in the cell, will either be stored or excreted back into the blood for use.
5. When required for energy, glucose is cleaved from glycogen chain and metabolized

Question 20

Triglyceride Digestion
1. Lipids are ____ in water, complicating the digestive process
a. ____- substances that break lipids into smaller globules that can suspend in the
watery bloodstream and watery digestive tract without clumping together.
2. ____ and ____ ____ begin digestion in mouth
3. ____ lipase breaks triglycerides into diglycerides after 2-4 hours (much
slower than carbohydrates!)
4. In the small intestines, ____ cells release hormones that stimulate
enzymatic action.
5. ____ (____) is released and travels via blood to pancreas and
gallbladder to stimulate bile pancreatic enzyme release
6. Bile contains bile salts and lecithin act as ____
7. Secretin stimulates pancreas to release ____ to neutralize intestinal ____, preventing protein denaturation of digestive enzymes.
8. Triglycerides effectively converted into ____, ____, and ____ ____ ____.
9. ____-____ fatty acids absorbed into intestines via passive diffusion:
a. ____ transport long chain fatty acids and monoglycerides to intestinal mucosal barrier
10. Most fat should be absorbed before the ____ ____; fat malabsorption
is characteristics of cystic fibrosis, crohn’s disease, IBD
11. Triglycerides reassembled in bloodstream and combined with
____ (protein carriers) for transport
12. Lipoproteins convert to ____ and move to lymphatic system to be
dispelled for use or storage

Answer 20

Triglyceride Digestion
1. Lipids are insoluble in water, complicating the digestive process
a. Emulsifiers- substances that break lipids into smaller globules that can suspend in the
watery bloodstream and watery digestive tract without clumping together.
2. Mastication & lingual lipase begin digestion in mouth
3. Gastric lipase breaks triglycerides into diglycerides after 2-4 hours (much
slower than carbohydrates!)
4. In the small intestines, duodenal cells release hormones that stimulate
enzymatic action.
5. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released and travels via blood to pancreas and
gallbladder to stimulate bile pancreatic enzyme release
6. Bile contains bile salts and lecithin act as emulsifiers
7. Secretin stimulates pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize
intestinal acidity, preventing protein denaturation of digestive enzymes.
8. Triglycerides effectively converted into glycerol, monoglycerides, and
free fatty acids.
9. Short chain fatty acids absorbed into intestines via passive diffusion:
a. Micelles transport long chain fatty acids and monoglycerides to intestinal mucosal barrier
10. Most fat should be absorbed before the large intestines; fat malabsorption
is characteristics of cystic fibrosis, crohn’s disease, IBD
11. Triglycerides reassembled in bloodstream and combined with
lipoproteins (protein carriers) for transport
12. Lipoproteins convert to chylomicrons and move to lymphatic system to be
dispelled for use or storage

Question 21

Five step process in protein digestion?

Answer 21

1. Mastication does not initiate enzymatic action.
2. In stomach and upper portion of small intestines
3. Hydrochloric acid denatures proteins, making the chemical bonds more
   accessible by digestive enzymes, particularly pepsin
4. In small intestines, proteases (released by pancreas small intestines) and
   peptidases break protein chains down into single amino acid units.
5. Absorption occurs through duodenum and jejunum.
   ● Certain conditions inhibit protein digestion (celiac disease- intolerance to
   gluten proteins; lactose intolerance- lacking lactase enzyme)

Question 22

Proteins utilized the least for ____ ____; do form the ____ required for thousands of chemical reactions

Answer 22

Proteins utilized the least for chemical energy; do form the enzymes required for thousands of chemical reactions

Question 23

Describe how protein absorption works?

Answer 23

Occurs through facilitated diffusion and active transport
● Similar amino acids share the same active transport systems and carrier
proteins
● Variety of various amino acids are carried by a variety of different carrier
proteins, so there’s minimized competition for transporters.
● However, taking supplements with large, isolated amounts of a single
amino acid can affect absorption of other amino acids that may share the
same transport carrier. This leads to the over-absorption of one amino
acid at the expense of another- ultimately inhibiting normal protein
synthesis by straining the balance in the amino acid pool.

Question 24

Describe protein utilization?

Answer 24

Protein Utilization
● Amino acids in pool can synthesize new structural proteins, be
metabolized for energy (when carbohydrate storage is low), or will be
converted into fat and stored.
● Dietary intake is essential to maintain amino acid pool
● If protein intake is inadequate, proteins from muscle and other tissue will
be cannibalized– this has a negative effect on athlete’s training and
performance