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24-28 class cards > Chapter 2 - population and health > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - population and health Flashcards

1
Q

Overpopulation

A

A situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

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2
Q

Census

A

A complete enumeration of population.

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3
Q

Nonparticipant

A

Homeless people, ethnic minorities, and undocumented immigrants may not complete census forms.

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4
Q

Sampling

A

Statistical sampling can be done to get more accurate account, but in small towns oppose it.

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5
Q

How much of the Earth’s population is clustered in 4 regions?

A

2\3

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5
Q

We can understand how population is distributed by examining the properties of __ and __.

A

Concentration and density

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6
Q

Four clusters :

A

East Asia. South Asia, Europe, Southeast Asia.

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7
Q

Most live near:

A

A. Low lying areas. B. Fertile soil.
C. Temperate Climate.
D. Ocean or river with access to the ocean.

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8
Q

Ecumene

A

The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by Permanent human settlement

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9
Q

Sparsely Populated regions.

A

Dry lands (Sahara), Wet lands (Amazon), Cold lands (Arctic), HIgh lands (Alps)

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10
Q

Arithmetic density

A

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

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11
Q

Physiological Density

A

The number of people per unit area of arable land, which is land suitable for farming.

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12
Q

Agricultural Density

A

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land (land suitable for agriculture)

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13
Q

Natural increase rate (NIR)

A

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

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14
Q

Natural Increase Rate excludes __.

A

Migration

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15
Q

NIR was at ___ for a long time (most of history)

A

Zero

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16
Q

Currently the NIR is ___% peak was ___% in 1963

A

1.2 % and 2.2%

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17
Q

Doubling time

A

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

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18
Q

Life expectancy

A

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can be expected to live.

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19
Q

Babies born today can expect to live to ___ in developed countries in Europe, but only to about ___ in developing countries of Sub-Saharan Africa.

A

80 and 57

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20
Q

More than __% of natural increase is clustered in ___

A

95%, Developing countries

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21
Q

The NIR is ___ in Europe, which means population is ___.

A

Negative, declining

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22
Q

Crude Birth Rate CBR

A

The total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in society

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23
Q

Example of CBR

A

CBR of 20 means that for every 1000 people in a country, 20 babies are born over a one year period.

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24
Q

CBR mirrors NIR - the highest CBRs are in _____ while the lowest are in ____.

A

developing countries, developed countries.

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25
Q

Crude death rate CDR

A

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in society.

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26
Q

CDR does NOT follow CBR or NIR-the combined CDR for developing countries is ___ than the combined rate for all developed countries.

A

Less

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27
Q

Demography

A

The scientific study of population characteristics.

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28
Q

Total fertility rate

A

The average number of children a women will have throughout her life.

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29
Q

The Demographic Transition Model

A

The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population.

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30
Q

Most of ___ was spent in stage 1.

A

Human history

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31
Q

No country today ____.

A

Remains in stage 1

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32
Q

In stage 1, people relayed upon ____for food

A

Hunting snd gathering

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33
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

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34
Q

Medical Revolution

A

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that has diffused to poorer countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated the many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enable more people to live longer and healthier lives.

35
Q

The CBR begins to ___ sharply during moderate growth

A

Drop

36
Q

The CDR continues to ___ but slower than stage 2 during moderate growth

A

Fall

37
Q

People have ___ children during moderate growth

A

Fewer

38
Q

Zero population growth ZPG

A

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero

39
Q

Women enter the __ during low growth

A

Workforce

40
Q

Many people will choose to use ___ during low growth

A

Birth-control methods

41
Q

Result of baby girls at risk

A

Gender based selection

42
Q

Gender based selection often occurs in __ and __

A

China and India

43
Q

Sex ratio

A

The number of males per 100 females in the population

44
Q

Standard biological ratio is ___ (boys to girls) but in China and India it is ___

A

105:100, 112:100

45
Q

Maternal mortality rate

A

The annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidents)

46
Q

The rate exceeds ___ deaths per 100000 births in Africa\Asia compared to fewer than ___ per 100,000 births in Europe

A

100, 10

47
Q

US is __ maternal deaths per 100,000 births

A

28

48
Q

A country’s stage of ____ determines percentage of people in different age groups

A

Demographic transition

49
Q

Stage __ typically has a high percentage of young people while stage __ typically has a high percentage of elderly people

A

2, 4

50
Q

Population pyramids

A

A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex.

51
Q

Dependency ratio

A

The number of people under 15 and over 46 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

52
Q

Infant mortality rate IMR

A

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year of age for every 1000 births in society

52
Q

___ countries use part of their wealth to protect people who cannot work

A

Developed

53
Q

Examples of people who cannot work

A

Elderly, sick, poor, disabled

54
Q

Developed countries have more ___ and ___ than developing countries

A

Hospital beds and Physicians

55
Q

In most developed countries (not the US) health care is ____ that is available at little or no cost.

A

A public service

56
Q

Epidemiology

A

Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prelavent among a population a particular time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected place.

57
Q

Epidemiological transition

A

The process of change i the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

58
Q

___ and ___diseases were principal causes of human deaths in stage 1

A

Infectious and parasitic

59
Q

Worst epidemic in history

A

Black (bubonic) plaque

60
Q

Pandemic

A

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.

61
Q

Pandemics recede due to improved:

A

Sanitation, nutrition, and medicine

62
Q

___ in deaths from infectious diseases

A

Decrease

63
Q

___ in chronic disorders and deaths due to aging

A

Increase

64
Q

Two common disorders are ___ and ____

A

Cancer and cardiovascular disease (heart attacks)

65
Q

Major degenerative cause of death linger, but life expectancy of older people is extended through ___

A

Medical Advances

66
Q

Also improved behavior changes such as

A

Better diet, reduces use of Tabacco and alchohol, and exercise

67
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

Economist who argues that the world’s rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies

68
Q

Ne-Malthusians today believe that population will ___ food or another resource.

A

Exceed

69
Q

A ___ stage 5 of demographic transition is decline.

A

Possible

70
Q

Critics of Neo-Malthusians overall ___ productions has ___ due to better ___

A

Food, increased, growing techniques higher-yielding seeds, and cultivation of more land

71
Q

Stage 5 CBR

A

Very low

72
Q

Stage 5 CDR

A

Increasing

73
Q

Stage 5 NIR

A

Declining

74
Q

After several decades of __ birth rates, stage 5 country would have very few women aging into childbearing years.

A

Low

75
Q

Several European countries, notably ___ already have negative NIRs

A

Russia

76
Q

China and India encompass more than ___of the world’s population

A

1\3

77
Q

China had the ___ policy

A

One child

78
Q

In China People also received free

A

Contraceptives, abortions, and sterilization

79
Q

India was the first country to embark on a national ___ program

A

Family planning

80
Q

India set up ___ camps, which made people fearful of other family planning measures

A

Sterilization

81
Q

Stage 5 epidemiologic transition: ___ and ___ diseases re-emerge

A

Infectious and parasitic

82
Q

Possible stage 5 causes

A

Evolution - antibiotic resistance, poverty - lack of access to medicine, poverty - unsanitary conditions, connections - globalization helps transmissions

83
Q

Examples of transmittable diseases

A

AIDs and Ebola

84
Q

Lowering CBR by:

A

Empowering women, IMR decrease with health care,

85
Q

Contraception is not always ___

A

Available

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