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PSYCH 100 > Chapter 2: Physiological Basis of Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Physiological Basis of Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

A network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body.

A

The nervous system

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2
Q

A branch of the life sciences that deals with the structure and functioning of the brain and the neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue that form the nervous system.

A

Neuroscience

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3
Q

The branch of neuroscience that focuses on the biological bases of psychological processes, behavior, and learning, and it is the primary are associated with the biological perspective in psychology.

A

Biological psychology or behavioral neuroscience

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4
Q

The specialized cell in the nervous system that receives and sends messages within that system.

A

neuron

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5
Q

It is a part of the neuron that receives messages from other cells.

A

dendrites

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6
Q

It contains the nucleus and keep the entire cell alive and functioning.

A

soma

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7
Q

“soma” means ______ in Ancient Greek and New Latin.

A

body

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8
Q

It is the part of the neuron that carries messages out to other cells.

A

axon

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9
Q

They are responsible for communicating with other nerve cells, and can be found at the end of the axon.

A

axon terminals/presynaptic terminals/terminal buttons/synaptic knobs

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10
Q

In the central nervous system, glial cells are separated into 5 types. Name all five.

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglial
ependymal cells
radial glial

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11
Q

In the peripheral nervous system, glial cells are separated into three types. Name all three.

A

Schwann cells
precentral gyrus
satellite cells

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12
Q

These are cells that provide support for the neurons to grow on and around, and deliver nutrients to neurons.

A

glial cells

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13
Q

The glial cells that produce myelin.

A

oligodendrocytes and Scwann cells.

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14
Q

These are fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse.

A

myelin

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15
Q

These are bundles of axons coated in myelin that travel together through the body.

A

nerves

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16
Q

It is a disease described by the destruction of the myelin sheath, which leads to diminished or complete loss of neural functioning in those damaged cells.

A

multiple sclerosis (MS)

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17
Q

Positive inside, negative outside.

A

action potential

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18
Q

Negative inside, positive outside.

A

resting potential

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19
Q

They are chemicals found in the synaptic vesicles that, when release, has an effect on the next cell.

A

neurotransmitters

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20
Q

It is the a fluid-filled space between the axon terminal and the dendrite.

A

synapse or synaptic gap

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21
Q

They contain the molecules of neurotransmitters.

A

presynaptic membrane

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22
Q

They contain ion channels that have receptor sites.

A

postsynaptic membrane

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23
Q

These are proteins that allow only particular molecules of a certain shape to fit into it.

A

receptor sites

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24
Q

It is a synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to fire.

A

excitatory synapse

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25
Q

It is a synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to stop firing.

A

inhibitory synapse.

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26
Q

These are chemical substances that block or reduce a cell’s response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters.

A

antagonists

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27
Q

These are chemical substances that mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell.

A

agonists

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28
Q

It is either an excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitter that is involved in arousal, attention, memory, and controls muscle contraction.

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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29
Q

It is a mainly excitatory neurotransmitter and is involved in arousal and mood.

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

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30
Q

It is either excitatory or inhibitory, and is involved in control of movement and sensations of pleasure,

A

Dopamine (DA)

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31
Q

it is either excitatory or inhibitory, and is involved in sleep, mood, anxiety, and appetite.

A

Serotonin (5-HT)

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32
Q

It is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter and is involved in sleep and inhibits movement.

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

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33
Q

It is a major excitatory neurotransmitter, and is involved in learning, memory formation, nervous system development, and synaptic plasticity.

A

Glutamate

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34
Q

The are inhibitory neural regulators, and are involved in pain relief.

A

Endorphins

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35
Q

It is the process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles.

A

reuptake

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36
Q

It is the process by which the structure of a neurotransmitter is altered so it can no longer act on a receptor.

A

enzymatic degradation

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37
Q

It is the insertion of a thin, insulated electrode into the brain through which an electrical current is sent, destroying the brain cells at the tip of the wire. It is a method done to animals or people who already have had brain damage, as researchers ethically cannot destroy areas of brains in living human beings.

A

lesioning

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38
Q

It is the procedure of stimulating a specific area of the brain to temporarily disrupt or enhance the normal functioning of specific brain areas through electrical stimulation and then study the resulting changes in behavior or cognition.

A

electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)

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39
Q

It is a procedure wherein neurosurgeons place electrodes in specific deep-brain areas and then route the electrode to a pacemaker-like device called an impulse generator that is surgically implanted under the collarbone. It has been widely used as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease, and may play an important role in the treatment of seizure disorder, chronic pain, and possible some treatment-resistant psychiatric disorders, including depression, OCD, and Tourette syndrome.

A

deep brain stimulation (DSB)

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40
Q

It is a technique wherein magnetic pulses are applied to the cortex using special copper wire coils positioned over the head.

A

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

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41
Q

Longer lasting stimulation results when the pulses are administered in a repetitive fashion and is referred to as ______.

A

repetitive TMS (rTMS)

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42
Q

It is a procedure that uses scalp electrodes to pass very low amplitude direct current to the brain to change the excitability of cortical neurons directly below the electrodes.

A

transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)

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43
Q

It allows us to image the brain’s structure while the person is still alive.

A

Modern neuroimaging

44
Q

It is a brain-imaging method using computer-controlled X-rays of the brain. It is useful for imaging possible skull fractures.

A

computed tomography (CT)

45
Q

It is a brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain.

A

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

46
Q

It allows researchers to estimate the concentration of specific chemicals and neurotransmitters in the brain.

A

MRI spectroscopy

47
Q

It uses MRI technology to provide a way to measure connectivity in the brain by imaging these white matter tracts. It has been used to investigate normal function and with various disorder and conditions (Alzheimer’s, MS, and traumatic brain injury).

A

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

48
Q

IT is a recording of the electrical activity of large groups of cortical neurons just below the skull, most often using scalp electrodes.

A

electroencephalogram (EEG)

49
Q

It detects small magnetic fields generated by the electrical activity of neurons. It can be used to explore information processing differences in language disorder like aphasia and emotional processing of faces.

A

magnetoencephalography (MEG)

50
Q

It is a brain-imaging method in which a radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-corded image of the activity of the brain.

A

positron emission tomography (PET)

51
Q

It is an MRI-based brain-imaging method that allows for functional examination of brain areas through changes in brain oxygenation.

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

52
Q

It is a functional brain imaging method that measures brain activity by using infrared light to determine changes in blood oxygen levels in the brain.

A

near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

53
Q

It is the first large swelling at the top of the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the brain, which is responsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing. and heart rate.

A

medulla

54
Q

It is the larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom and that plays a part in sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination, and arousal.

A

pons

55
Q

It is an area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons slightly beyond that is responsible for general attention, alertness, and arousal.

A

reticular formation (RF)

56
Q

It is the part of the lower brain located behind the pons that controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, find motor movement and may have some cognitive functions.

A

cerebellum

57
Q

It is a group of several brain structures located primarily under the cortex and is involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation.

A

the limbic system

58
Q

It is a part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain that relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex and processes some sensory information before sending it to its proper area.

A

thalamus

59
Q

They are two bulb-like projections of the brain located just above the sinus cavity and just below the frontal lobes that receive information from the olfactory receptor cells.

A

olfactory bulbs

60
Q

It is a small structure in the brain located below the thalamus and directly above the pituitary gland, responsible for motivational behavior such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex.

A

hypothalamus

61
Q

It is a curved structure within each temporal lobe, responsible for the formation of long-term declarative memories.

A

hippocampus

62
Q

It is a brain structure located near the hippocampus, responsible for fear responses and memory of fear.

A

amygdala

63
Q

It is the outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input.

A

cortex

64
Q

It is the upper part of the brain consisting of two different hemispheres and the structures that connect them.

A

cerebrum

65
Q

These are the two section of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain

A

cerebral hemispheres

66
Q

It is a thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

A

corpus callosum

67
Q

It is the section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing the primary visual centers of the brain.

A

occipital lobe

68
Q

These are sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch, temperature, and body position.

A

parietal lobes

69
Q

It is the area of cortex at the front of the parietal lobes responsible for processing information from the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature, and body position.

A

somatosensory cortex

70
Q

These are areas of the cortex located along the side of the brain, starting just behind the temples, containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech.

A

temporal lobes

71
Q

These are areas of the brain located in the front and top, responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech.

A

frontal lobes

72
Q

It is the rear section of the frontal lobe, responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system.

A

motor cortex

73
Q

These are neurons that fire when an animal or person performs an action and also when an animal or person observes that same action being performed by another.

A

mirror neurons

74
Q

These are areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for the coordination and interpretation of formation, as well as higher mental processing.

A

association areas

75
Q

It is a condition resulting from damage to Broca’s area, causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce word, and to speak haltingly.

A

Broca’s aphasia

76
Q

It is a condition resulting from damage to Wernicke’s area, causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language.

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

77
Q

It is a condition produced most often by damage to the parietal lobe association areas of the right hemisphere, resulting in an inability to recognize objects or body part in the left visual field.

A

spatial neglect

78
Q

These are the glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream.

A

endocrine glands

79
Q

These are the chemicals released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands.

A

hormones

80
Q

The gland in the brain that secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormone-secreting glands (also known as the master gland)

A

pituitary gland

81
Q

Part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

A

central nervous system

82
Q

This is the core of the nervous system, the part that makes sense of the information received from the senses, makes decisions, and sends commands out to the muscles and the rest of the body, if needed.

A

the brain

83
Q

It is a long bundle of neurons that carries messages between the body and the brain and is responsible for very fast, life-saving reflexes.

A

spinal cord

84
Q

It is a neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system

A

afferent (sensory) neuron

85
Q

It is a neuron that carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body.

A

efferent (motor) neuron

86
Q

It is a neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives information from the afferent neurons and sends commands to the muscles through the efferent neurons. They also make up the bulk of the neurons in the brain.

A

interneuron

87
Q

It is the connection of the afferent neurons to the interneurons to the efferent neurons, resulting in a reflex action.

A

reflex arc

88
Q

It is the ability within the brain to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in response to experience or trauma.

A

neuroplasticity

89
Q

It is the formation of new neurons; occurs primarily during prenatal development but may also occur at lesser levels in some brain areas during adulthood.

A

neurogenesis

90
Q

These are special cells found in all the tissues of the body that are capable of becoming other cell types when those cells need to be replaced due to damage or wear and tear.

A

stem cells

91
Q

It is the interaction between genes and environmental factors that influence gene activity; environmental factors include diet, life experiences, and physical surroundings.

A

epigenetics

92
Q

This is the system that include all nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but run through the body itself.

A

peripheral nervous system

93
Q

The division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body.

A

somatic nervous system

94
Q

It is the division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands.

A

autonomic nervous system

95
Q

These are nerves coming from the CNS to the voluntary muscles, consisting of efferent neurons.

A

motor pathway

96
Q

It is a part of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal.

A

sympathetic division (fight-or-flight system)

97
Q

It is a part of the autonomic nervous system that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day-to-day functioning of the organs and glands.

A

parasympathetic division (eat-drink-and-rest system)

98
Q

This is described by nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of afferent neurons.

A

sensory pathway

99
Q

It is the hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland that is involved in reproductive and parental behaviors.

A

oxytocin

100
Q

It is the endocrine gland located near the base of the cerebrum and it secretes melatonin.

A

pineal gland

101
Q

It is the endocrine gland found in the neck, regulates metabolism.

A

thyroid gland

102
Q

It is the endocrine that controls the levels of sugar in the blood.

A

pancreas

103
Q

These are sex glands that secrete hormones that regulate sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction.

A

gonads

104
Q

The female gonads.

A

ovaries

105
Q

The male gonads.

A

testes (testicles)

106
Q

These are endocrine glands located on top of each kidney that secrete over 30 different hormones to deal with stress, regulate salt intake, and provide a secondary source of sex hormones affecting the sexual changes that occur during adolescence.

A

adrenal glands

PSYCH 100 (3 decks)

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