Chapter 2: Physiological Basis of Behavior Flashcards
1
Q
A network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body.
A
The nervous system
2
Q
A branch of the life sciences that deals with the structure and functioning of the brain and the neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue that form the nervous system.
A
Neuroscience
3
Q
The branch of neuroscience that focuses on the biological bases of psychological processes, behavior, and learning, and it is the primary are associated with the biological perspective in psychology.
A
Biological psychology or behavioral neuroscience
4
Q
The specialized cell in the nervous system that receives and sends messages within that system.
A
neuron
5
Q
It is a part of the neuron that receives messages from other cells.
A
dendrites
6
Q
It contains the nucleus and keep the entire cell alive and functioning.
A
soma
7
Q
“soma” means ______ in Ancient Greek and New Latin.
A
body
8
Q
It is the part of the neuron that carries messages out to other cells.
A
axon
9
Q
They are responsible for communicating with other nerve cells, and can be found at the end of the axon.
A
axon terminals/presynaptic terminals/terminal buttons/synaptic knobs
10
Q
In the central nervous system, glial cells are separated into 5 types. Name all five.
A
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglial
ependymal cells
radial glial
11
Q
In the peripheral nervous system, glial cells are separated into three types. Name all three.
A
Schwann cells
precentral gyrus
satellite cells
12
Q
These are cells that provide support for the neurons to grow on and around, and deliver nutrients to neurons.
A
glial cells
13
Q
The glial cells that produce myelin.
A
oligodendrocytes and Scwann cells.
14
Q
These are fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse.
A
myelin
15
Q
These are bundles of axons coated in myelin that travel together through the body.
A
nerves
16
Q
It is a disease described by the destruction of the myelin sheath, which leads to diminished or complete loss of neural functioning in those damaged cells.
A
multiple sclerosis (MS)
17
Q
Positive inside, negative outside.
A
action potential
18
Q
Negative inside, positive outside.
A
resting potential
19
Q
They are chemicals found in the synaptic vesicles that, when release, has an effect on the next cell.
A
neurotransmitters
20
Q
It is the a fluid-filled space between the axon terminal and the dendrite.
A
synapse or synaptic gap
21
Q
They contain the molecules of neurotransmitters.
A
presynaptic membrane
22
Q
They contain ion channels that have receptor sites.
A
postsynaptic membrane
23
Q
These are proteins that allow only particular molecules of a certain shape to fit into it.
A
receptor sites
24
Q
It is a synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to fire.
A
excitatory synapse
25
It is a synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to stop firing.
inhibitory synapse.
26
These are chemical substances that block or reduce a cell's response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters.
antagonists
27
These are chemical substances that mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell.
agonists
28
It is either an excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitter that is involved in arousal, attention, memory, and controls muscle contraction.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
29
It is a mainly excitatory neurotransmitter and is involved in arousal and mood.
Norepinephrine (NE)
30
It is either excitatory or inhibitory, and is involved in control of movement and sensations of pleasure,
Dopamine (DA)
31
it is either excitatory or inhibitory, and is involved in sleep, mood, anxiety, and appetite.
Serotonin (5-HT)
32
It is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter and is involved in sleep and inhibits movement.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
33
It is a major excitatory neurotransmitter, and is involved in learning, memory formation, nervous system development, and synaptic plasticity.
Glutamate
34
The are inhibitory neural regulators, and are involved in pain relief.
Endorphins
35
It is the process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles.
reuptake
36
It is the process by which the structure of a neurotransmitter is altered so it can no longer act on a receptor.
enzymatic degradation
37
It is the insertion of a thin, insulated electrode into the brain through which an electrical current is sent, destroying the brain cells at the tip of the wire. It is a method done to animals or people who already have had brain damage, as researchers ethically cannot destroy areas of brains in living human beings.
lesioning
38
It is the procedure of stimulating a specific area of the brain to temporarily disrupt or enhance the normal functioning of specific brain areas through electrical stimulation and then study the resulting changes in behavior or cognition.
electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)
39
It is a procedure wherein neurosurgeons place electrodes in specific deep-brain areas and then route the electrode to a pacemaker-like device called an impulse generator that is surgically implanted under the collarbone. It has been widely used as a treatment for Parkinson's disease, and may play an important role in the treatment of seizure disorder, chronic pain, and possible some treatment-resistant psychiatric disorders, including depression, OCD, and Tourette syndrome.
deep brain stimulation (DSB)
40
It is a technique wherein magnetic pulses are applied to the cortex using special copper wire coils positioned over the head.
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
41
Longer lasting stimulation results when the pulses are administered in a repetitive fashion and is referred to as ______.
repetitive TMS (rTMS)
42
It is a procedure that uses scalp electrodes to pass very low amplitude direct current to the brain to change the excitability of cortical neurons directly below the electrodes.
transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
43
It allows us to image the brain's structure while the person is still alive.
Modern neuroimaging
44
It is a brain-imaging method using computer-controlled X-rays of the brain. It is useful for imaging possible skull fractures.
computed tomography (CT)
45
It is a brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
46
It allows researchers to estimate the concentration of specific chemicals and neurotransmitters in the brain.
MRI spectroscopy
47
It uses MRI technology to provide a way to measure connectivity in the brain by imaging these white matter tracts. It has been used to investigate normal function and with various disorder and conditions (Alzheimer's, MS, and traumatic brain injury).
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
48
IT is a recording of the electrical activity of large groups of cortical neurons just below the skull, most often using scalp electrodes.
electroencephalogram (EEG)
49
It detects small magnetic fields generated by the electrical activity of neurons. It can be used to explore information processing differences in language disorder like aphasia and emotional processing of faces.
magnetoencephalography (MEG)
50
It is a brain-imaging method in which a radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-corded image of the activity of the brain.
positron emission tomography (PET)
51
It is an MRI-based brain-imaging method that allows for functional examination of brain areas through changes in brain oxygenation.
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
52
It is a functional brain imaging method that measures brain activity by using infrared light to determine changes in blood oxygen levels in the brain.
near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
53
It is the first large swelling at the top of the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the brain, which is responsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing. and heart rate.
medulla
54
It is the larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom and that plays a part in sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination, and arousal.
pons
55
It is an area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons slightly beyond that is responsible for general attention, alertness, and arousal.
reticular formation (RF)
56
It is the part of the lower brain located behind the pons that controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, find motor movement and may have some cognitive functions.
cerebellum
57
It is a group of several brain structures located primarily under the cortex and is involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation.
the limbic system
58
It is a part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain that relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex and processes some sensory information before sending it to its proper area.
thalamus
59
They are two bulb-like projections of the brain located just above the sinus cavity and just below the frontal lobes that receive information from the olfactory receptor cells.
olfactory bulbs
60
It is a small structure in the brain located below the thalamus and directly above the pituitary gland, responsible for motivational behavior such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex.
hypothalamus
61
It is a curved structure within each temporal lobe, responsible for the formation of long-term declarative memories.
hippocampus
62
It is a brain structure located near the hippocampus, responsible for fear responses and memory of fear.
amygdala
63
It is the outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input.
cortex
64
It is the upper part of the brain consisting of two different hemispheres and the structures that connect them.
cerebrum
65
These are the two section of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain
cerebral hemispheres
66
It is a thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
corpus callosum
67
It is the section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing the primary visual centers of the brain.
occipital lobe
68
These are sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch, temperature, and body position.
parietal lobes
69
It is the area of cortex at the front of the parietal lobes responsible for processing information from the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature, and body position.
somatosensory cortex
70
These are areas of the cortex located along the side of the brain, starting just behind the temples, containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech.
temporal lobes
71
These are areas of the brain located in the front and top, responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech.
frontal lobes
72
It is the rear section of the frontal lobe, responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system.
motor cortex
73
These are neurons that fire when an animal or person performs an action and also when an animal or person observes that same action being performed by another.
mirror neurons
74
These are areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for the coordination and interpretation of formation, as well as higher mental processing.
association areas
75
It is a condition resulting from damage to Broca's area, causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce word, and to speak haltingly.
Broca's aphasia
76
It is a condition resulting from damage to Wernicke's area, causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language.
Wernicke's aphasia
77
It is a condition produced most often by damage to the parietal lobe association areas of the right hemisphere, resulting in an inability to recognize objects or body part in the left visual field.
spatial neglect
78
These are the glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream.
endocrine glands
79
These are the chemicals released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands.
hormones
80
The gland in the brain that secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormone-secreting glands (also known as the master gland)
pituitary gland
81
Part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
central nervous system
82
This is the core of the nervous system, the part that makes sense of the information received from the senses, makes decisions, and sends commands out to the muscles and the rest of the body, if needed.
the brain
83
It is a long bundle of neurons that carries messages between the body and the brain and is responsible for very fast, life-saving reflexes.
spinal cord
84
It is a neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system
afferent (sensory) neuron
85
It is a neuron that carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body.
efferent (motor) neuron
86
It is a neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives information from the afferent neurons and sends commands to the muscles through the efferent neurons. They also make up the bulk of the neurons in the brain.
interneuron
87
It is the connection of the afferent neurons to the interneurons to the efferent neurons, resulting in a reflex action.
reflex arc
88
It is the ability within the brain to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in response to experience or trauma.
neuroplasticity
89
It is the formation of new neurons; occurs primarily during prenatal development but may also occur at lesser levels in some brain areas during adulthood.
neurogenesis
90
These are special cells found in all the tissues of the body that are capable of becoming other cell types when those cells need to be replaced due to damage or wear and tear.
stem cells
91
It is the interaction between genes and environmental factors that influence gene activity; environmental factors include diet, life experiences, and physical surroundings.
epigenetics
92
This is the system that include all nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but run through the body itself.
peripheral nervous system
93
The division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body.
somatic nervous system
94
It is the division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands.
autonomic nervous system
95
These are nerves coming from the CNS to the voluntary muscles, consisting of efferent neurons.
motor pathway
96
It is a part of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal.
sympathetic division (fight-or-flight system)
97
It is a part of the autonomic nervous system that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day-to-day functioning of the organs and glands.
parasympathetic division (eat-drink-and-rest system)
98
This is described by nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of afferent neurons.
sensory pathway
99
It is the hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland that is involved in reproductive and parental behaviors.
oxytocin
100
It is the endocrine gland located near the base of the cerebrum and it secretes melatonin.
pineal gland
101
It is the endocrine gland found in the neck, regulates metabolism.
thyroid gland
102
It is the endocrine that controls the levels of sugar in the blood.
pancreas
103
These are sex glands that secrete hormones that regulate sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction.
gonads
104
The female gonads.
ovaries
105
The male gonads.
testes (testicles)
106
These are endocrine glands located on top of each kidney that secrete over 30 different hormones to deal with stress, regulate salt intake, and provide a secondary source of sex hormones affecting the sexual changes that occur during adolescence.
adrenal glands
