Chapter 1: Nature of Psychology

Question 1

It is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Answer 1

psychology

Question 2

It is the process of examining and measuring one’s own thoughts and mental activities.

Answer 2

objective introspection

Question 3

It is an early perspective in psychology associated with Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener, in which the focus of study is the structure or basic elements of the mind.

Answer 3

structuralism

Question 4

Associated with William James, it is an early perspective in psychology in which the focus of study is how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play.

Answer 4

functionalism

Question 5

An early perspective in psychology that focuses on perception and sensation, particularly the perception of patterns and whole figures.

Answer 5

Gestalt psychology from the German word “gestalt” meaning “an organized whole” or “configuration”

Question 6

The science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only.

Answer 6

Behaviorism

Question 7

It is an insight therapy based on the theory of Freud, emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts; Freud’s term for both the theory and the therapy based on it.

Answer 7

psychoanalysis

Question 8

Known to be the father of behaviorism.

Answer 8

John Watson

Question 9

She earned her master’s degree under the supervision of John Watson, and was one of the early pioneers of behavior therapy.

Answer 9

Mary Cover Jones

Question 10

The experiment wherein a little boy was taught to fear a white rat.

Answer 10

Little Albert experiment

Question 11

It is the experiment that Jones did, copying the Little Albert but introduced the concept of counterconiditioning.

Answer 11

Little Peter experiment

Question 12

It is the modern version of psychoanalysis that is more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of motivations behind a person’s behavior other than sexual motivations.

Answer 12

psychodynamic perspective.

Question 13

It is the “third force” in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice.

Answer 13

humanistic perspective

Question 14

It is a modern perspective in psychology that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning.

Answer 14

cognitive perspective

Question 15

It is the study of the physical changes in the brain and nervous system during thinking.

Answer 15

cognitive neurosceince

Question 16

It is the perspective that focuses on the influence of social interactions, society, and culture on an individual’s thinking and behavior; in psychopathology, it is an approach that examines the impact of social interactions ,community, and culture on a person’s thinking, behavior, and emotions.

Answer 16

sociocultural perspective

Question 17

It is the perspective that attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system.

Answer 17

biopsychological perspective

Question 18

It is the perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share.

Answer 18

evolutionary perspective

Question 19

A professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology.

Answer 19

psychologist

Question 20

A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.

Answer 20

psychiatrist

Question 21

It is a social worker with some training in therapy methods who focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug abuse.

Answer 21

psychiatric social worker

Question 22

It is the making of reasoned judgments about claims.

Answer 22

critical thinking

Question 23

It is the system of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced.

Answer 23

scientific approach

Question 24

It is a general explanation of a set of observations or facts.

Answer 24

theory

Question 25

It is a tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations.

Answer 25

hypothesis

Question 26

In research, it is to repeat a study or experimenting to see if the same results will be obtained in an effort to demonstrate reliability of results.

Answer 26

replicate

Question 27

It is the tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed.

Answer 27

observer effect

Question 28

It is a naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed.

Answer 28

participant observation

Question 29

It is the tendency of observers to see what they expect to see.

Answer 29

observer bias

Question 30

It is the study of one individual in great detail.

Answer 30

case study

Question 31

It is a term used to refer to randomly selected sample of participants from a larger population of participants.

Answer 31

representative sample/sample

Question 32

It is used to refer to the entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested.

Answer 32

population

Question 33

It is a measure of the relationship between two variables.

Answer 33

correlation

Question 34

It is a number that represents the strength and direction of a relationship existing between two variables; number derived from the formula for measuring a correlation.

Answer 34

correlation coefficient

Question 35

It is a deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause-and-effect relationships.

Answer 35

experiment

Question 36

It is the participants in an experiment who are subjected to the independent variable.

Answer 36

experimental group

Question 37

It is the participants in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment.

Answer 37

control group

Question 38

It is the process of assigning participants to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each participant has an equal change of being in either group.

Answer 38

random assignment

Question 39

It is the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior.

Answer 39

placebo effect

Question 40

It is the tendency of the experimenter’s expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study.

Answer 40

experimenter effect

Question 41

It is the study in which the participants do not know if they are in the experimental group or the control group.

Answer 41

single-blind study

Question 42

The study in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know if the participants are in the experimental or the control group.

Answer 42

double-blind study