Chapter 2 - Pharmacokinetics & Individual Varation Flashcards
Bioavailability
Percentage of the drug dosage that is absorbed
Drug Absorption
entrance of a drug into the bloodstream from its site of administration
Drug Addiction
Condition of drug abuse and drug dependence that is characterized by compulsive drug behavior
Drug Dependence
Condition of reliance on the use of a particular drug, characterized as physical and/or psychological dependence
Drug Distribution
Passage of a drug from the blood to the tissues and organs of the body
Drug excretion
Elimination of the drug from the body
Drug metabolism
The enzymatic biotransformation of a drug into metabolites
Drug Microsomal Metabolizing System (DMMS)
Group of Enzymes located primarily in the liver that function to metabolize (biotransformation) drugs
Drug Tolerance
Decreased drug effect occurring after repeated drug administration
Enzyme Induction
Increase in the amount of drug-metabolzing enzymes after repeated administration of certain drugs
Enzyme Inhibition
Inhibition of a drug-metabolizing enzymes by certain drugs.
First-pass metabolism
Drug metabolism that occurs in the intestines and liver during oral absorption of drugs into the systemic circulation
Half-Life
Time required for the body to reduce the amount of drug in the plasma by one-half
Individual Variation
Difference in the effects of drugs and drug dosages from ones person to another
Intramuscular (IM) Injection
Route of drug administration; drug is injected into gluteal or deltoid muscles
Intravenous (IV) Injection
Route of drug administration; drug is infected directly into a vein
loading dose
Initial drug dose administered to rabidly achieve therapeutic drug concentrations
Maintenance Does
Dose administered to maintain drug blood levels in the therapeutic range
Oral Administration
route of drug administration by way of the mouth through swallowing
Parenteral Administration
Route of drug administration that does not involve the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
Pharmacokinetics
describes the processes of drub absorption, drug distribution, drug metabolism, and drug excretion
Pregnancy category A
Drug studies in pregnant women have not yet demonstrated risk to the fetus
Pregnancy category B
Drug studies have not been performed in pregnant women; animal studies have not demonstrated fetal risk
Pregnancy category C
Drug studies have not been performed in pregnant women or in animals, or animal studies have revealed some teratogenic potential but the risk to the fetus is unknown
Pregnancy category D
Drug studies have revealed adverse risk to the fetus. The benefit-to-risk ratio of the drug must be established before use during pregnancy
Pregnancy category X
Drug studies have revealed teratogenic effects in women and/or animals. Fetal risk clearly outweighs benefit. Drug is contraindicated in pregnancy
Pregnancy category NR
Drug has not yet been rated by FDA
Drugs with Teratogenic Risk (Table 2.3)
Androgens (male hormone) Carbamazepine Diethylstilbestrol Estrogen (female hormone) Lithium Phenytoin Retinoic acid Thalidomide Warfarin
Incompatibility
Usually refers to physical alterations of drugs that occur before administration when different drugs
are mixed in the same syringe or other container
Additive effects
When the combined effect of two drugs, each producing the same biological response by the same mechanism of action, is equal to the sum of their individual effects
Summation
When the combined effect of two drugs, each producing the same biological response but by a
different mechanism of action, is equal to the sum of their individual effects
Synergism
When the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects
Antagonism
When the combined effect of two drugs is less than the sum of their individual effects
