Chapter 2 - Pharmacokinetics & Individual Varation Flashcards

1
Q

Bioavailability

A

Percentage of the drug dosage that is absorbed

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2
Q

Drug Absorption

A

entrance of a drug into the bloodstream from its site of administration

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3
Q

Drug Addiction

A

Condition of drug abuse and drug dependence that is characterized by compulsive drug behavior

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4
Q

Drug Dependence

A

Condition of reliance on the use of a particular drug, characterized as physical and/or psychological dependence

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5
Q

Drug Distribution

A

Passage of a drug from the blood to the tissues and organs of the body

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6
Q

Drug excretion

A

Elimination of the drug from the body

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7
Q

Drug metabolism

A

The enzymatic biotransformation of a drug into metabolites

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8
Q

Drug Microsomal Metabolizing System (DMMS)

A

Group of Enzymes located primarily in the liver that function to metabolize (biotransformation) drugs

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9
Q

Drug Tolerance

A

Decreased drug effect occurring after repeated drug administration

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10
Q

Enzyme Induction

A

Increase in the amount of drug-metabolzing enzymes after repeated administration of certain drugs

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11
Q

Enzyme Inhibition

A

Inhibition of a drug-metabolizing enzymes by certain drugs.

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12
Q

First-pass metabolism

A

Drug metabolism that occurs in the intestines and liver during oral absorption of drugs into the systemic circulation

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13
Q

Half-Life

A

Time required for the body to reduce the amount of drug in the plasma by one-half

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14
Q

Individual Variation

A

Difference in the effects of drugs and drug dosages from ones person to another

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15
Q

Intramuscular (IM) Injection

A

Route of drug administration; drug is injected into gluteal or deltoid muscles

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16
Q

Intravenous (IV) Injection

A

Route of drug administration; drug is infected directly into a vein

17
Q

loading dose

A

Initial drug dose administered to rabidly achieve therapeutic drug concentrations

18
Q

Maintenance Does

A

Dose administered to maintain drug blood levels in the therapeutic range

19
Q

Oral Administration

A

route of drug administration by way of the mouth through swallowing

20
Q

Parenteral Administration

A

Route of drug administration that does not involve the gastrointestinal (GI) tract

21
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

describes the processes of drub absorption, drug distribution, drug metabolism, and drug excretion

22
Q

Pregnancy category A

A

Drug studies in pregnant women have not yet demonstrated risk to the fetus

23
Q

Pregnancy category B

A

Drug studies have not been performed in pregnant women; animal studies have not demonstrated fetal risk

24
Q

Pregnancy category C

A

Drug studies have not been performed in pregnant women or in animals, or animal studies have revealed some teratogenic potential but the risk to the fetus is unknown

25
Q

Pregnancy category D

A

Drug studies have revealed adverse risk to the fetus. The benefit-to-risk ratio of the drug must be established before use during pregnancy

26
Q

Pregnancy category X

A

Drug studies have revealed teratogenic effects in women and/or animals. Fetal risk clearly outweighs benefit. Drug is contraindicated in pregnancy

27
Q

Pregnancy category NR

A

Drug has not yet been rated by FDA

28
Q

Drugs with Teratogenic Risk (Table 2.3)

A
Androgens (male hormone)
Carbamazepine
Diethylstilbestrol
Estrogen (female hormone)
Lithium
Phenytoin
Retinoic acid
Thalidomide
Warfarin
29
Q

Incompatibility

A

Usually refers to physical alterations of drugs that occur before administration when different drugs
are mixed in the same syringe or other container

30
Q

Additive effects

A

When the combined effect of two drugs, each producing the same biological response by the same mechanism of action, is equal to the sum of their individual effects

31
Q

Summation

A

When the combined effect of two drugs, each producing the same biological response but by a
different mechanism of action, is equal to the sum of their individual effects

32
Q

Synergism

A

When the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects

33
Q

Antagonism

A

When the combined effect of two drugs is less than the sum of their individual effects