Chapter 2 part 2

Question 1

Name four examples of monocots.

Answer 1

Grasses, palm trees, corn, and daffodils.

Question 2

Name three examples of dicots.

Answer 2

Oaks, daisies, and roses.

Question 3

Name four adaptations that helped plants live on land.

Answer 3

1. Lignin
2. Leaves
3. Roots
4. Diploid Sporophyte Generation

Question 4

Explain how lignin is an adaptation.

Answer 4

This hydrophobic carbohydrate strengthens vascular tissues, waterproofs them, and protects plants from herbivores and parasites.

Question 5

Explain how leaves are an adaptation.

Answer 5

Leaves contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and over time, they grew larger for more efficient food production.

Question 6

Explain how roots are an adaptation.

Answer 6

Roots absorb water and minerals, anchor the plant, and evolved from rhizoids used by nonvascular plants.

Question 7

Explain how diploid sporophyte generation is an adaptation.

Answer 7

Land plants evolved a dominant diploid sporophyte stage, where two gene copies reduce the impact of harmful mutations.

Question 8

Name the milestones in plant evolution.

Answer 8

1. Growth at shoot and root tips for space and resources.
2. Lignin supports upright growth for sun exposure.
3. Vascular tissues transport water and nutrients.
4. Pigments in leaves absorb UV radiation.
5. Waterproof cuticle reduces water loss.

Question 9

What did the earliest animals evolve from?

Answer 9

Marine protoctists living in colonies.

Question 10

What are considered some of the earliest forms?

Answer 10

Sponges, the simplest animals.

Question 11

Name three adaptations that first appeared in invertebrates, which were essential for the evolution of vertebrates.

Answer 11

1. Development of tissues, organs, and organ systems.
2. Symmetrical body structure.
3. A brain and sensory organs.

Question 12

Name three major adaptations that enabled animals to successfully live and reproduce on land.

Answer 12

1. Ability to move on land (limbs instead of fins).
2. Ability to conserve body water.
3. Ability to reproduce and have early development on land.

Question 13

What were the first animals to move onto land?

Answer 13

Invertebrates, most probably arthropods.

Question 14

What was one of the biggest challenges for the first animals to move to land?

Answer 14

One of the key challenges was preventing their bodies from drying out, as well as finding support without the buoyancy of water.

Question 15

What did early arthropods to do survive on land?

Answer 15

To address these challenges, early arthropods evolved an exoskeleton, a non-bony structure on the outside of the body. The exoskeleton provided support and helped retain moisture.

Question 16

What is phylum arthropoda?

Answer 16

Phylum Arthropoda includes diverse animals like insects, crustaceans, and arachnids, characterized by jointed legs, an exoskeleton made of chitin, and the need to moult for growth.

Question 17

Explains how insects breathe.

Answer 17

1. Insects breathe through spiracles, leading to tracheae and smaller tracheoles.
2. Oxygen diffuses into the tracheoles and dissolves in fluid before reaching cells.
3. Carbon dioxide produced by cells diffuses out through the tracheoles and exits via spiracles.

Question 18

What are the characteristics that made Arthropods successful land animals?

Answer 18

1. Segmented body and joined legs that facilitate mobility on dry land.
2. Waterproof exoskeleton.
3. Advanced sensory system.

Question 19

What is coevolution?

Answer 19

Coevolution refers to a process where two or more species influence each other’s evolution due to their close ecological interactions.

Question 20

Give an example of coevolution.

Answer 20

As bees evolved, so did flowers and plants.

Question 21

Coevolution refers to a process where two or more species influence each other’s evolution due to their close ecological interactions. These interactions can be in various forms, such as:

Answer 21

1. Predator/prey and parasite/host relationships.
2. Competitive species interactions.
3. Mutualistic species relationships.

Question 22

What is Phylum chordata?

Answer 22

The Phylum Chordata primarily consists of vertebrates, which make up about 95% of all chordates. Key features of chordates include gill slits and a tail, which are present in many species, especially during their embryonic stages.

Question 23

Vertebrates are classified into five main classes, arranged from most primitive to most advanced:

Answer 23

1. Class Pisces (fish)
2. Class Amphibia (amphibians)
3. Class Reptilia (reptiles)
4. Class Aves (birds)
5. Class Mammalia (mammals)

Question 24

When comparing the five classes of vertebrates, several key characteristics are considered, name three.

Answer 24

1. Poikilothermic animals’ body temperature depends on the environment, while homeothermic animals regulate it internally.
2. Vertebrates have scales, feathers, or hair for body covering.
3. Gas exchange occurs through gills or lungs, and fertilization can be external or internal.

Question 25

What is class amphibia?

Answer 25

Class Amphibia (amphibians) includes animals that have two distinct life stages: a larval stage that lives in water and an adult stage that can live both in water and on land.

Question 26

Name some characteristics amphibians have in common.

Answer 26

Amphibians are ectothermic, have moist skin for breathing, use gills as larvae and lungs as adults, reproduce sexually with external fertilization, and lay eggs in water.

Question 27

What are some features that characterised amphibian's life on land?

Answer 27

Primitive lungs, skin for gas exchange, limbs, strong endoskeleton for land support, and water for external fertilization and egg laying.

Question 28

What is class reptilia?

Answer 28

Class Reptilia (reptiles) includes animals that are known for living fully on land.

Question 29

Name five characteristics all reptiles have in common.

Answer 29

1. Ectothermic, regulate temperature through behaviour. 2. Tough, scaly skin prevents water loss. 3. Breathe using lungs. 4. Sexual reproduction with internal fertilization. 5. Most are oviparous with leathery eggs, some are viviparous.

Question 30

What are four adaptation that made reptiles successful land animals:

Answer 30

1. Dry scaly water-proof skin. 2. Strong limbs to support the body on land. 3. Internal fertilization. 4. Lay shelled eggs on land.

Question 31

What are common characteristics of mammals?

Answer 31

1. Endothermic (warm-blooded), regulate temperature internally. 2. Covered by hair or fur. 3. Breathe with lungs and diaphragm. 4. Sexual reproduction, most are viviparous. 5. Mammary glands produce milk. 6. Four-chambered heart, double circulation.

Question 32

What are the three reproductive methods of mammals?

Answer 32

1. Monotremes - Most primitive mammals and have retained the reptilian egg-laying method. 2. Marsupials - Give birth to live, underdeveloped young whose development is completed in the marsupium. 3. Placentals - Give birth to live young that have been nourished before birth in the mother's uterus through placenta.

Question 33

What are the main evolutionary changes found in homo sapiens?

Answer 33

1. Increased brain size (as shown by a larger skull). 2. A change in arm length compared to leg length. 3. Bone structure changed to allow an upright posture to allow walking. 4. Increase in height overtime. 5. Facial angle changed, becoming fatter and reaching a vertical face.

Question 34

What are the key fossils that support human evolution include?

Answer 34

Ardi and Lucy

Question 35

Is evolution a linear process?

Answer 35

Evolution is not a linear process because it is characterised by a whole series of inter-linked lines of different ancestry and descendants.

Question 36

List the characteristics of spermatophyte.

Answer 36

1. The plant has roots, stems, leaves and seed-bearing structures. 2. They procure seeds. 3. They have chlorophyll, hence photosynthesis. 4. They have vascular tissue which is highly developed with xylem tissue. 5. The division spermatophyta consists of two main subdivisions - gymnospermophyta + angiospermophyta

Question 37

List the characteristics of Gymnospermophyta.

Answer 37

1. They bear scones of two types, male and female. 2. Seeds are naked. 3. They show verophytic (water saving). 4. Characteristics such as roled reaves. needle shaped leaves, sunken stomata and thick waxy leaves. 5. Xylem consists mainly of Tracheids while phloem does not have companion cells.

Question 38

List some characteristics of Angiospermatophyta.

Answer 38

1. This is the most advanced group found almost everywhere. They include grasses, herbs, shrubs and trees. 2. They are flower bearing and are usually bisexual. 3. Seeds are enclosed in an ovary Which develops into a fruit. 4. Xylem has tracheids and vessels while phloem has companion cells.