Chapter 2 part 1

Question 1

Why do we need to classify things?

Answer 1

1. It’s easier to study living things.
2. Organises the living world.
3. Shows us how different groups are related.
4. Recognises the world’s biodiversity.

Question 2

How are organisms classified?

Answer 2

On similarities and differences between them.

Question 3

What did Carl Linnaeus based his classification on?

Answer 3

How organisms are connected through evolution, get their food, physical features, reproduction and habitat.

Question 4

What is classification?

Answer 4

The organization of living things into groups according to their similarities.

Question 5

Dear Kate Please Come Over For Great Soup?

Answer 5

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.

Question 6

What is The Binomial System of Classification?

Answer 6

It is a naming system in which each species is assigned a two-part Latin name, consisting of its genus and species.

Question 7

Give an example of The Binomial System of Classification.

Answer 7

Humans - Homo sapiens

Question 8

What is Archaea?

Answer 8

Archaea are primitive bacteria, including extremophiles that live in extreme conditions, belong to the Archaebacteria kingdom, and share a close evolutionary relationship with Eukaryota based on ribosomal RNA studies.

Question 9

What is eubacteria?

Answer 9

A kingdom within the Bacteria domain that includes true bacteria and cyanobacteria, which are bacteria-like organisms capable of photosynthesis.

Question 10

What are the characteristics of bacteria?

Answer 10

1. Prokaryotes without a nucleus.
2. Unicellular organisms.
3. Larger than viruses but smaller than eukaryotes.
4. A light microscope can show their basic structures, but an electron microscope is needed for details.

Question 11

Where can bacteria be found?

Answer 11

Fresh water, sea, soil, on your skin, and in your intestines.

Question 12

What is the difference between parasitic and saprophytic bacteria?

Answer 12

Parasitic causes diseases and are harmful and saprophytic is helpful and plays a key role in nutrient cycling.

Question 13

Explain bacterial reproduction.

Answer 13

Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary vision, where a single bacterium divides into two identical daughter cells, often rapidly, without genetic evolution between the parent and offspring.

Question 14

What are protoctists?

Answer 14

The first eukaryotic organisms to evolve from simple bacteria, with a nucleus and organelles, and include both unicellular and multicellular forms.

Question 15

What is protozoa?

Answer 15

A type of Protoctista that behave like animals. They are similar animal cells.

Question 16

What are examples of protozoa?

Answer 16

Amoeba, paramecium and euglena.

Question 17

What are the characteristics of protozoa?

Answer 17

1. Heterotrophic.
2. Unicellular and live in moist environments.
3. Motile (can move) using structures like flagella cilla, or pseudopodia.
4. Undergo phagocytosis to feed on algae, bacteria, fungi, or as parasites, and some are symbionts of multicellular animals.

Question 18

What is amoeba?

Answer 18

A unicellular, heterotrophic organism that lives in fresh water ponds, feeding on bacteria, algae, and other protozoans through phagocytosis.

Question 19

Explain the amoeba feeding process?

Answer 19

The amoeba moves toward food, surrounds it with pseudopodia, forms a food vacuole, and releases enzymes to digest it. The digested food is absorbed, and undigested waste is expelled.

Question 20

Explain how the amoeba reproduces asexually through binary fission.

Answer 20

1. The parent amoeba’s nucleus divides, and the cell membrane begins to fold.
2. The membrane fully divides, resulting in two identical daughter cells.

Question 21

What is Protophyta?

Answer 21

Protophyta and plant-like protists, meaning that they are similar to the cells of plants.

Question 22

What are the characteristics of Protophyta?

Answer 22

1. Photosynthetic
2. Has a cellulose cell wall.
3. Reproduces asexually and sexually.
4. Unicellular but form multicellular structures.
5. Live in aquatic environments like ponds, lakes, and oceans.

Question 23

What is chlorella?

Answer 23

Chlorella is a unicellular, autotrophic, eukaryotic alga that lives in freshwater ponds and has plant-like features, including a cell wall and chloroplasts.

Question 24

Explain symbiosis in chlorella.

Answer 24

1. Chlorella provides oxygen to Hydra through photosynthesis, benefiting from Hydra’s movement and protection.
2. In return, Hydra supplies Chlorella with carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, creating a mutualistic relationship.

Question 25

What is fungi?

Answer 25

Fungi are diverse eukaryotic organisms that evolved from single-celled flagellated ancestors, sharing a common origin with animals about 800-900 million years ago, and were possibly the dominant life form on Earth 250 million years ago.

Question 26

Characteristics of fungi?

Answer 26

1. Fungi are multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that cannot make their own food. 2. Some fungi are harmful parasites, while others are saprophytes that break down dead matter.

Question 27

State some examples of fungi.

Answer 27

Pin-mould (Mucor), yeast (a unicellular fungus), mushrooms, and puffball.

Question 28

What is mucor?

Answer 28

Mucor is a genus of moulds that are saprophytes, meaning they feed on dead organic matter. They digest the matter externally, causing decay.

Question 29

What are the characteristics of mucor?

Answer 29

1. Mucor feeds on ripe food like bread and fruit, thriving in damp environments. 2. Its body is made up of multinucleated, tube-like hyphae with chitin cell walls. 3. The hyphae form a mycelium, which is the vegetative part of the fungus.

Question 30

What are the two types of hyphae that mucor has?

Answer 30

Feeding and reproductive.

Question 31

Where does feeding hyphae grow?

Answer 31

Deep down in the food and form part of the vegetative mycelium.

Question 32

Where does reproduction hyphae grow?

Answer 32

Grow vertically upwards and form part of the aerial mycelium.

Question 33

Mucor is a saprophyte, explain how it feeds on dead organic matter.

Answer 33

1. Mucor settles on the food. 2. It releases enzymes into the food to break it down. 3. The enzymes digest the food externally, outside the fungus. 4. Mucor absorbs the digested food, which then moves throughout the fungus by diffusion through the hyphae.

Question 34

What are some characteristics of yeast?

Answer 34

1. It has a chitin cell wall. 2. It lives in places where sugar is abundant, like the surface of fruits such as apples, grapes, peaches, and pears. 3. It is a saprophyte, feeding on dead organic matter. 4. Yeast is approximately 0.01 mm in size.

Question 35

What does autotrophic mean?

Answer 35

They produce their own food through photosynthesis.

Question 36

What are the four main phyla?

Answer 36

Bryophytes (mosses and liverworts), pteridophytes (ferns and horsetails), gymnosperms (conifers – trees producing cones), and angiosperms (flowering plants).

Question 37

Explain the relationship between plants and aquatic green algae.

Answer 37

Plants are believed to have evolved from aquatic green algae like stoneworts, which resemble early plants but lack a transport system and roots, and are limited to freshwater environments for photosynthesis due to their need for moisture for fertilization.

Question 38

Name the advantages of true plants living in water.

Answer 38

1. Water provides support, enables maximum sunlight absorption, and supplies essential minerals. 2. Water facilitates gamete or spore transfer, ensuring a constant supply.

Question 39

What are bryophytes?

Answer 39

Bryophytes are the most primitive non-vascular plants, including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts (but not stoneworts).

Question 40

Explain the reliance of primitive land plants on water for survival and reproduction.

Answer 40

These land plants thrive in humid environments, rely on water for survival and reproduction, and although "primitive" means they evolved earlier, their continued existence shows they are well-suited to their environments.

Question 41

What are the characteristics of bryophytes?

Answer 41

1. Bryophytes are primitive plants with simple structures, lacking roots, flowers, and vascular tissues. 2. They reproduce using spores and require water for reproduction. 3. Bryophytes are small, grow in colonies to conserve water, and are limited to habitats with ample moisture.

Question 42

Explain how bryophytes reproduce.

Answer 42

Bryophytes reproduce sexually by using male gametes with flagella that swim to female gametes in a thin film of water, fertilizing them to form a zygote that grows into a spore capsule. The capsule releases spores, which can grow into new mosses, showing the evolutionary progression from bryophytes to more advanced plants like ferns and flowering plants.

Question 43

What are the advantages to live on land?

Answer 43

1. Abundant sunlight. 2. Higher concentration of carbon dioxide. 3. Availability of space.

Question 44

What are three challenges plants face on land?

Answer 44

1. Exposure to uv solar radiation that could cause mutations. 2. Absorbing enough water to stay alive. 3. Exposure to air increases chances of desication.

Question 45

What are vascular plants?

Answer 45

Vascular plants are plants that have specialized tissues for transporting water, minerals, and food, allowing them to grow larger and survive in diverse land environments.

Question 46

What are pteridophytes?

Answer 46

Pteridophytes are vascular, non-flowering plants like ferns that reproduce by spores instead of seeds.

Question 47

What are two examples of pteridophytes?

Answer 47

Ferns and horsetails.

Question 48

Name two characteristics on pteridophytes.

Answer 48

1. Have a vascular system with xylem and phloem for transporting water, minerals, and food. 2. They have more advanced roots, stems, and leaves than bryophytes, and grow larger as a result.

Question 49

What are gymnosperms?

Answer 49

Gymnosperms, or conifers, are seed-producing trees that dominate colder climates and produce cones instead of flowers.

Question 50

Name three examples of gymnosperms.

Answer 50

Pine, fir, and cypress trees.

Question 51

What are spermatophytes?

Answer 51

Spermatophytes are seed-producing plants, categorized into gymnosperms and angiosperms, unlike bryophytes and pteridophytes, which reproduce by spores.

Question 52

Name two characteristics all seed plants share.

Answer 52

1. They have a waxy cuticle, which acts as a waterproof covering to prevent water loss. 2. They possess vascular tissue, including xylem and phloem, for transporting water, minerals, and food.

Question 53

Explain the structure of gymnosperms.

Answer 53

1. Gymnosperms are seed plants with needle-like leaves covered by a thick cuticle to reduce water loss. 2. This adaptation helps them thrive in dry or cold environments where water is scarce or frozen.

Question 54

Explain how gymnosperms reproduce.

Answer 54

Gymnosperms reproduce using seeds, which are produced in cones. Unlike seeds in other plants, gymnosperms have "naked seeds," meaning their seeds are not enclosed within an ovary or fruit.

Question 55

What are angiosperms?

Answer 55

Angiosperms, or flowering plants, are the most diverse and successful group of plants, producing flowers and fruit, and thriving in a wide range of habitats.