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Chapter 2 Organization of Lymph/Immune Flashcards

1
Q

The body system responsible for adaptive immunity

A

Lymphatic system

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2
Q

Lymphatic system consists of:

A

Lymph

Lymphatic vessels

Structures and organs containing lymphatic tissue

Red bone marrow

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3
Q

Specialized form of reticular connective tissue that contains large numbers of lymphocytes

A

Lymphatic tissue

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4
Q

After interstitial fluid passes into lymphatic vessels, it is called:

A

Lymph

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5
Q

Main difference between interstitial fluid/lymph and plasma

A

Interstitial fluid and lymph contain less protein

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6
Q

Each day, about __ liters of fluid filter from blood into tissue spaces

A

20 liters

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7
Q

__ liters of fluid filtered daily from the arterial end of blood capillaries return to the blood directly by reabsorption at the venous end of capillaries

A

17 liters

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8
Q

Lymphatic system three primary functions

A

Drains excess interstitial fluid

Transports dietary lipids

Carries out immune responses

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9
Q

Basic flow of lymph

A

Lymph capillaries

Lymph vessels

Thoracic duct OR right lymphatic duct

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10
Q

Structure of lymphatic vessels compared to veins

A

Thinner walls and more valves

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11
Q

What is located along lymphatic vessels?

A

Lymph nodes

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12
Q

Masses of B cells and T cells that are surrounded by a capsule

A

Lymph nodes

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13
Q

Main lymph-collecting duct, receives lymph from the left side of head, neck, chest, upper limb, and entire body below the ribs

A

Thoracic duct

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14
Q

Drains lymph from the upper right side of the body

A

Right lymphatic duct

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15
Q

Thoracic duct empties lymph into:

A

Junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins

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16
Q

Right lymphatic duct empties its lymph into:

A

Junction of the right internal jugular and right subclavian veins

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17
Q

Two pumps that aid the flow of lymph

A

Skeletal muscle pump

Respiratory pump

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18
Q

Where stem cells give rise to mature B cells and immature T cells

A

Red bone marrow (flat bones and ends of long bones)

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19
Q

T cells mature into function T cells.

Two lobed organ located posterior to the sternum.

A

Thymus

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20
Q

Primary lymphatic organs

A

Red bone marrow

Thymus

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21
Q

Secondary lymphatic organs (sites where most immune responses occur)

A

Lymph nodes

Spleen

Lymphatic nodules

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22
Q

Lymph nodes are heavily concentrated near:

A

Mammary glands

Axillae

Groin

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23
Q

Lymph nodes contain:

A

B cells

T cells

Plasma cells

Dendritic cells

Macrophages

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24
Q

Location of the spleen

A

Between the stomach and diaphragm

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25
Q

Two types of tissues found in the spleen

A

White pulp (B & T cells carry out immune responses)

Red pulp (Blood sinuses that filter out old blood)

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26
Q

Egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue

Lining of the GI, urinary, reproductive, and respiratory tracts

A

Lymphatic nodules

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27
Q

Innate immunity:

First line of defense.

A

Barriers from skin and mucous membranes

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28
Q

Innate immunity:

Second line of defense.

A

Internal defenses

  • Antimicrobial substances
  • Natural killer cells
  • Phagocytes
  • Inflammation
  • Fever
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29
Q

Adaptive immunity involves:

A

B and T cells

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30
Q

Two types of adaptive immunity

A

Cell-mediated

Antibody-mediated

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31
Q

Refers to a wide variety that serve to protect us against an invasion.

We are born with this kind of immunity.

A

Innate immunity

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32
Q

Specialized cells that perform phagocytosis.

Ingest microbes or other particles.

A

Phagocytes

33
Q

5-10% of lymphocytes.

Ability to kill a wide variety of microbes and tumor cells.

Cause the cell death by releasing proteins that destroy the target cells membrane

A

Natural killer cells

34
Q

Natural killer cells are found:

A

Spleen

Nodes

Red bone marrow

35
Q

Non-specific response of body to tissue damage.

Prevents the spread to other tissues and prepares site for repair.

A

Inflammation

36
Q

Belong to a group of plasma proteins called globulins.

Known as immunoglobulins.

A

Antibodies

37
Q

Five classes of immunoglobulins (antibodies)

A

IgG

IgA

IgM

IgD

IgE

38
Q

Percentage of IgG compared to all antibodies in blood

39
Q

Percentage of IgA in blood compared to all other antibodies

40
Q

Percentage of IgM compared to other antibodies in blood

41
Q

Percentage of IgD and IgE compared to other antibodies in blood

A

IgD = 0.2%

IgE = 0.1%

42
Q

Antibodies:

Protects against bacteria and viruses by enhancing phagocytosis.

Only antibody to cross the placenta from mother to fetus.

43
Q

Antibodies:

Found mainly in sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, breast milk, and GI secretions.

Levels decrease during stress.

44
Q

Antibodies:

First antibody secreted by plasma cells to any antigen.

This is the antibody that binds to A and B antigens during incompatible blood transfusions.

45
Q

Antibodies:

Found on surfaces of B cells.

Primarily involved in B cell activation.

46
Q

Antibodies:

Located on mast cells and basophils.

Primarily involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions.

Provides protection against parasitic worms.

47
Q

Antimicrobial substances:

Various body fluids contain four main types that discourage microbial growth.

A
  1. Lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses produce proteins called interferons (IFNs).
  2. Proteins in blood plasma & plasma membranes makes of the complement system.
  3. Iron-binding proteins
  4. Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs)
48
Q

What diffuses to other neighboring cells, where they stimulate synthesis of proteins that interfere with viral replication?

A

Interferons (IFNs)

49
Q

When activated, what proteins “complement” or enhance certain immune, allergic, and inflammatory reactions?

A

Proteins in blood plasma and plasma membranes

50
Q

Short peptides that have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity.

Dermicidin (sweat glands)

Defensins & Cathelicidins (neutrophils, macrophages, epithelia)

Thrombocidin (platelets)

A

Antimicrobial proteins (AMP)

51
Q

When microbes penetrate the skin and mucous membranes or bypass the antimicrobial substances in blood, the next defense consists of:

A

Phagocytes

Natural Killer cells

52
Q

Four signs and symptoms of inflammation:

A

Redness

Pain

Heat

Swelling

53
Q

Many bacterial toxins elevate body temperature, sometimes by triggering release of fever-causing substances such as:

A

Interleukin-1 from macrophages

54
Q

What does having a fever do?

A

Intensifies effects of interferons

Inhibits growth of microbes

Speeds up body reactions that aid in repair

55
Q

Immunity the involves the production of specific types of cells or specific antibodies to destroy a particular antigen

A

Adaptive (specific)

56
Q

Branch of science that deals with the responses of the body to antigens

A

Immunology

57
Q

Lack of reaction of a person’s adaptive immune against their own tissues and chemicals

A

Self-tolerance

58
Q

Adaptive immunity involves lymphocytes called:

A

B and T cells

59
Q

Two major types of mature T cells that exit the thymus

A

Helper T cells

Cytotoxic T cells

60
Q

Two types of adaptive immunity

A

Cell-mediated

Antibody-mediated

61
Q

In cell-mediated immunity, _____ directly attack invading antigens

A

Cytotoxic T cells

62
Q

In antibody-mediated immunity, ______ transform into plasma cells, which synthesize and secrete specific proteins called antibodies

63
Q

What cells aid the immune responses of both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity?

A

Helped T cells

64
Q

Cell-mediated immunity is particularly effective against:

A

1) Intracellular pathogens
2) Some cancer cells
3) Foreign tissue transplants

65
Q

Antibody-mediated immunity is also referred to as:

A

Humoral immunity

66
Q

Process by which a lymphocyte proliferates (divides) and differentiates (forms more highly specialized cells) in response to a specific antigen

A

Clonal Selection

67
Q

Clonal selection of lymphocytes occurs in:

A

Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues

68
Q

A lymphocyte that undergoes clonal selection gives rise to what two major types of cells in the close?

A

Effector cells

Memory cells

69
Q

What cells eventually die after the immune response has been completed?

A

Effector cells

70
Q

What cells do not die at the end of an immune response.

Instead, have long life spans (usually decades)

A

Memory cells

71
Q

Antibody generator

72
Q

Located at the plasma membrane surface of most body cells

“self-antigens”

A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Proteins

73
Q

The reason tissues may be rejected when they are transplanted from one person to another

Normal function is to help T cells recognize that an antigen is foreign

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Proteins

74
Q

Antigens induce ____ cells to secrete proteins known as antibodies

75
Q

Most antibodies contain ___ polypeptide chains

76
Q

In a sick patient, a high level of ___ against a particular pathogen helps identify the cause of illness

77
Q

Resistance of the fetus and newborn to infection stems from:

A

IgG (placenta)

IgA (breast milk)

78
Q

When would T cells ignore an antigen-MHC complex?

A

If the fragment comes from a self-protein

79
Q

Antigen-MHC complex is inserted into the plasma membrane of a body cell

A

Antigen presentation

Hematology (5 decks)

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