Chapter 2- Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Element
Substance that cannot be broken down by normal chemical means, 92 elements
C, H, N, O2, P, S
Atoms
Smallest part of an element that can enter a chemical element
Subatomic particle
A particle that is composed of atoms
Protons
Are positively charged particles, have mass, and are located in the center, or nucleus of the atom
Electrons
Always moving, negative charge, 0 atomic mass unit
Neutrons
Neutral charge, 1 atomic mass unit
Atomic weight
protons + # neutrons
Atomic number
of protons in an atom
Electrical charge
of protons - # of electrons
Mixture
Two or more atoms in a non-specific ratio
Compound
Two or more atoms in a fixed ratio, H2SO4, H2O
Molecule
Smallest compound particle that can enter into a chemical reaction, in order to form this energy relationships are developed through atoms, positive and negative atoms attract
Octet rule
8, inner cell is FULL and STABLE when it contains 2 electrons, remaining cells are FULL and STABLE when it has 8, each shell must be filled before moving on to the next shell
Chemical bonds
Has to have energy to form a bond, energy is released when bond is broken, energy relations is between atoms
Ionic bonds
form between two or more atoms by the transfer of one or more electrons between atoms, stable, have to fulfill octet rule
Covalent bond
sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms, strongest type of chemical bonds, 3 types
Single covalent bond
1
Double covalent bond
2
Triple covalent bond
3 (strongest)
Hydrogen bond
Electropositive region of one molecule is attracted to the electronegative molecule, water molecules are held together by this, weakest kind of chemical bond
Inorganic molecule
No carbon contained
Water
Inorganic molecule, 60% to 70% of body weight, universal solvent, distributes heat, muscles produce heat, digestive tract
Non-polar
Neutral, stable when added to water
Polar
Electrical charge, dissolves in water
Electrolytes
Dissolves in water, releases ions
Acids
Releases hydrogen bonds when in water,left of 7 on ph scale (more hydrogen ions)
Bases
Releases OH- ions when in water, right on ph scale
Ph scale
0-14, 7 is neutral, hydrogen scale,pure water has a ph of 7,each number movement represents a tenfold increase or decrease
Organic molecules
Contains carbon and hydrogen
Carbohydrates
Organic, simple sugars,short term energy, CH2O, monosaccharides, has 3 basic structures
3 structures of carbohydrates
Chains, branched, ring
Lipids
Non polar, fats, long term energy, hormones, glycerol+ 3 fatty acids
Proteins
Controls majority of an individual’s physical traits, the shape determines the function, short term energy, contains enzymes
Amino Acids
Serine. Contains central carbon, a carboxyl group, an amino group, hydrogen. They are initially bonded together when the amine group of 1 amino acid form a peptide bond with the carboxyl group of an adjacent amino acid
Enzymes
Speed up reactions, there will be no chemical reactions if enzymes weren’t there, each chemical reaction requires a different enzyme
Primary
Linear sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds
Secondary
Chemical bonds form between the r groups, resulting in a combination of two shapes: helix & pleated sheets
Tertiary
Further chemicals bonds between the r groups leading to a globular (spherical) shape, some proteins can function at this stage
Quaternary
At least two independent tertiary structures bond together to form a functional unit – globular (spherical) shape
What temp do proteins need to function?
98.6
What does changing the temp do?
Denatures the protein (shape changes & does not work anymore)
What pH do proteins need?
7.4
What does changing pH do?
Denatures the protien
Nucleic Acids
Sugar + Phosphorus + Nitrogenous Base
pH = above 7
Function: energy store & energy transfer (ATP) / information storage (DNA) & information transfer (RNA) /
Info Storage: Info needed to produce proteins is found in nucleus in form of DNA
Info Transfer: RNA is produced in nucleus from DNA, transported out of the nucleus
