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Biology As Level > Chapter 2- Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

What does RNA stand for?

What does DNA stand for ?

A

Ribonucleic Acid

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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2
Q

What are nucleotides made up of?

A

Pentose sugar -five carbon atom
Phosphate group
Nitrogen

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3
Q

What does nitrogen contain?

A

Organic base- cytosine, thymine, uracil, adenine, guanine

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4
Q

What is joined by a condensation reaction to a nucleotide?

A

Pentose sugar, phosphate group and organic base

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5
Q

How are two nucleotides joined ?
What is the bew structure called?
What is the bond between them called?

A

Deoxyribose sugar of one mononucleotide and phosphate group of another
Dinucleotide
Phosphodiester bond

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6
Q

What is the structure of RNA?

A

Single short polynucleotide chain
Pentose sugar is always ribose
Organic bases are adenine guanine cytosine and uracil

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7
Q

What RNA do?

A

Transfers genetic info from DNA to ribosomes

Involved in protein synthesis

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8
Q

Structure of DNA?

A

Pentose sugar is deoxyribose, organic bases are adenine thymine guanine cytosine
Made up of 2 strands which are extremely long and joined by hydrogen bonds

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9
Q

DNA can be considered a ladder in which …?

A

Phosphate and deoxyribose molecules alternate to form uprights and the organic bases pair together to form the rungs

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10
Q

What is the base pairing of DNA?

A

Adenine with thymine

Guanine with cytosine

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11
Q

What are the quantities of adenine thymine guanine and cytosine?

A

Quantities of adenine and thymine are always the same
And quantities of guanine to cytosine

Ratio of a-t to g-c varies from species to species

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12
Q

Why is DNAa stable molecule?

A

The phosphodiester backbone protects the organic bases inside the double helix
There are 3 hydrogen between cystine and guanine
The higher the proportion of c-g pairing thwas more stable the DNA

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13
Q

How many bonds are between adenine and thymine?

A

2

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14
Q

How is DN a adapted to carry out its function?

A

Stable structure passes from generation to generation and you really does it mutate.
Two separate strands joined with hydrogen bonds allows and them to separate during replication and protein synthesis
Large molecule carries a lot of genetic information

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15
Q

How is genetic information protected in DNA?

How does DNA transfer information as mRNA?

A

Base pairings are within the helical cylinder of deoxyribose phosphate backbone the genetic information is protected from chemical and physical forces
Bass pairings lead to DNA being able to replicate and to transfer information as mRNA

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16
Q

What is nuclear division?

What is cytokinesis?

A

Nucleus divides two types of division mitosis and meiosis

Follows nuclear division process by which the whole cell divides

17
Q

Why must DNA be replicated before nucleus divides?

A

DNA must be replicated to ensure that all daughter cells have the genetic information to produce the enzymes and other proteins that is needed

18
Q

What are the four requirements for a semiconservative replication to take place?

A

Four types of nucleotide must be present
Both strands of DNA molecule act as a template
Enzyme DNA polymerase
Chemical energy to drive the process

19
Q

The process of semi conservative replication

A

Enzyme DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bond
Double helix separates into 2 strands
Polynucleotide strands act as template to free nucleotides
Nucleotides joined together in condensation action by enzyme DNA polymerase to form rest of the template
Each new DNA molecule contains original DNA and one new

20
Q

What is ATP, and what are the 3 parts of it?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate
Adenine
Ribose
A chain of 3 phosphates

21
Q

What is the reason ATP stores energy?

A

Bonds between phosphate groups are unstable and have low activation energy , easily broken. When broken they release a lot of energy

22
Q

Equation for atp

A

Include

23
Q

Why is ATP a good immediate energy supplier?

A

Instability of its phosphate bonds
do not store large quantities of ATP but just a few seconds supply this is because it is rapidly reformed from ADP and in organic phosphate
a little goes a long way

24
Q

Why is ATP a better immediate energy source than glucose?

A

A TP releases less energy than glucose
Energy for reactions is released in smaller manageable quantities rather than much greater therefore less manageable energy from glucose

Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is a single reaction that releases immediate energy
The breakdown of glucose is a long series of reactions therefore energy released takes longer

25
Q

ATP is used in energy requiring processes in cells such as?

A 
Metabolic processes
Movement
Active transport
Secretion
Activation of molecules
26
Q

Why is water molecule described as dipolar?

A

Oxygen atom has slight negative charge, hydrogen atom has slight positive charge
What a molecule husband is negative and positive poles equals dipolar

27
Q

Why is the boiling point of water higher?

Who would happen in water didn’t have hydrogen bonds?

A

Water molecules stick together it takes more energy to separate them
Water would be a gas and temperature and life how it is would not exist

28
Q

What is latent heat of vaporisation?

Why is evaporation of water such as sweat important?

A

The amount of energy needed to evaporate 1 gram of water

Effective means of cooling because body heat is used to evaporate water

29
Q

What is cohesion?
What allows water to pulled up through a tube?
What is the force surface tension?

A

Tendency of molecules to stick together
Xylem vessels in plants —-> with hydrogen bonding water has large cohesive forces, these allow it to be pulled up through a tube
Water can not break apart it flows together unless stopped, water surface acts like a skin to support organisms e,g walking over it

30
Q

Why is water important in metabolism?

A

It is used to break down complex molecules by hydrolysis, water is also produced in condensation reactions
Chemical reactions take place in aqueous medium
Water is a major material in photosynthesis

31
Q

Why is water important as a solvent?

A

Here okay that’s the way seizes I ordered pizza was really crazy like that one pizza most of the time I get Casar is between the cream pasta with you friends and calamari oh my God I love us the unit in the summer I was actually on my diet is that if I couple days yet only pasta I was a fucking Acca

32
Q

Important features of water?

A

Evaporation cool organisms allows them to control their temp

Not easily compressed, provides support

Transparent therefore aquatic plants can photosynthesis

33
Q

Where are inorganic ions found?

A

In organisms, where they occur in solutions in the cytoplasm of cells in body fluids.

Biology As Level (3 decks)

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