Chapter 2- Nucleic Acids

Question 1

What does RNA stand for?

What does DNA stand for ?

Answer 1

Ribonucleic Acid

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Question 2

What are nucleotides made up of?

Answer 2

Pentose sugar -five carbon atom
Phosphate group
Nitrogen

Question 3

What does nitrogen contain?

Answer 3

Organic base- cytosine, thymine, uracil, adenine, guanine

Question 4

What is joined by a condensation reaction to a nucleotide?

Answer 4

Pentose sugar, phosphate group and organic base

Question 5

How are two nucleotides joined ?
What is the bew structure called?
What is the bond between them called?

Answer 5

Deoxyribose sugar of one mononucleotide and phosphate group of another
Dinucleotide
Phosphodiester bond

Question 6

What is the structure of RNA?

Answer 6

Single short polynucleotide chain
Pentose sugar is always ribose
Organic bases are adenine guanine cytosine and uracil

Question 7

What RNA do?

Answer 7

Transfers genetic info from DNA to ribosomes

Involved in protein synthesis

Question 8

Structure of DNA?

Answer 8

Pentose sugar is deoxyribose, organic bases are adenine thymine guanine cytosine
Made up of 2 strands which are extremely long and joined by hydrogen bonds

Question 9

DNA can be considered a ladder in which …?

Answer 9

Phosphate and deoxyribose molecules alternate to form uprights and the organic bases pair together to form the rungs

Question 10

What is the base pairing of DNA?

Answer 10

Adenine with thymine

Guanine with cytosine

Question 11

What are the quantities of adenine thymine guanine and cytosine?

Answer 11

Quantities of adenine and thymine are always the same
And quantities of guanine to cytosine

Ratio of a-t to g-c varies from species to species

Question 12

Why is DNAa stable molecule?

Answer 12

The phosphodiester backbone protects the organic bases inside the double helix
There are 3 hydrogen between cystine and guanine
The higher the proportion of c-g pairing thwas more stable the DNA

Question 13

How many bonds are between adenine and thymine?

Answer 13

2

Question 14

How is DN a adapted to carry out its function?

Answer 14

Stable structure passes from generation to generation and you really does it mutate.
Two separate strands joined with hydrogen bonds allows and them to separate during replication and protein synthesis
Large molecule carries a lot of genetic information

Question 15

How is genetic information protected in DNA?

How does DNA transfer information as mRNA?

Answer 15

Base pairings are within the helical cylinder of deoxyribose phosphate backbone the genetic information is protected from chemical and physical forces
Bass pairings lead to DNA being able to replicate and to transfer information as mRNA

Question 16

What is nuclear division?

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 16

Nucleus divides two types of division mitosis and meiosis

Follows nuclear division process by which the whole cell divides

Question 17

Why must DNA be replicated before nucleus divides?

Answer 17

DNA must be replicated to ensure that all daughter cells have the genetic information to produce the enzymes and other proteins that is needed

Question 18

What are the four requirements for a semiconservative replication to take place?

Answer 18

Four types of nucleotide must be present
Both strands of DNA molecule act as a template
Enzyme DNA polymerase
Chemical energy to drive the process

Question 19

The process of semi conservative replication

Answer 19

Enzyme DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bond
Double helix separates into 2 strands
Polynucleotide strands act as template to free nucleotides
Nucleotides joined together in condensation action by enzyme DNA polymerase to form rest of the template
Each new DNA molecule contains original DNA and one new

Question 20

What is ATP, and what are the 3 parts of it?

Answer 20

Adenosine Triphosphate
Adenine
Ribose
A chain of 3 phosphates

Question 21

What is the reason ATP stores energy?

Answer 21

Bonds between phosphate groups are unstable and have low activation energy , easily broken. When broken they release a lot of energy

Question 22

Equation for atp

Answer 22

Include

Question 23

Why is ATP a good immediate energy supplier?

Answer 23

Instability of its phosphate bonds
do not store large quantities of ATP but just a few seconds supply this is because it is rapidly reformed from ADP and in organic phosphate
a little goes a long way

Question 24

Why is ATP a better immediate energy source than glucose?

Answer 24

A TP releases less energy than glucose
Energy for reactions is released in smaller manageable quantities rather than much greater therefore less manageable energy from glucose

Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is a single reaction that releases immediate energy
The breakdown of glucose is a long series of reactions therefore energy released takes longer

Question 25

ATP is used in energy requiring processes in cells such as?

Answer 25

``` Metabolic processes Movement Active transport Secretion Activation of molecules ```

Question 26

Why is water molecule described as dipolar?

Answer 26

Oxygen atom has slight negative charge, hydrogen atom has slight positive charge What a molecule husband is negative and positive poles equals dipolar

Question 27

Why is the boiling point of water higher? | Who would happen in water didn’t have hydrogen bonds?

Answer 27

Water molecules stick together it takes more energy to separate them Water would be a gas and temperature and life how it is would not exist

Question 28

What is latent heat of vaporisation? | Why is evaporation of water such as sweat important?

Answer 28

The amount of energy needed to evaporate 1 gram of water | Effective means of cooling because body heat is used to evaporate water

Question 29

What is cohesion? What allows water to pulled up through a tube? What is the force surface tension?

Answer 29

Tendency of molecules to stick together Xylem vessels in plants —-> with hydrogen bonding water has large cohesive forces, these allow it to be pulled up through a tube Water can not break apart it flows together unless stopped, water surface acts like a skin to support organisms e,g walking over it

Question 30

Why is water important in metabolism?

Answer 30

It is used to break down complex molecules by hydrolysis, water is also produced in condensation reactions Chemical reactions take place in aqueous medium Water is a major material in photosynthesis

Question 31

Why is water important as a solvent?

Answer 31

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Question 32

Important features of water?

Answer 32

Evaporation cool organisms allows them to control their temp Not easily compressed, provides support Transparent therefore aquatic plants can photosynthesis

Question 33

Where are inorganic ions found?

Answer 33

In organisms, where they occur in solutions in the cytoplasm of cells in body fluids.