Chapter 1- Biological Molecules Flashcards
What is covalent bonding?
Atoms share a pair of electrons in outer shell
Outer shell of both atoms are filled and more stable
What is ionic bonding?
Ions with opposite charges attract one another
Electrostatic is known as ionic bond
Weaker than covalent bond.
What is hydrogen bonding?
Electrons within a molecule are not evenly distributed but spend more time at one position . This region is more negatively charged than the rest. Molecule with uneven distribution of charge is a polar molecule. Negative region attracts positive region. A weak electrostatic bond is formed . Individually weak but collectively form important forces that alter physical experience.
What is a condensation reaction?
Each time a new sub unit it attached to the polymers a molecule of water is formed.
What is hydrolysis?
Through addition of water, the bonds linking sub units break, thereby splitting molecule into its constituent parts
What is metabolism?
All chemical processes that take place in living organisms
What are most polymers made of?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
What is the basic monomer of carbohydrates?
Sugar known as a saccharide
What is a monosaccharide, and what is it’s general formula?
Examples of monosaccharides?
Sweet tasting soluble substances
(CH2O)n
N =3-7
Glucose galactose fructose
What is glucose?
What is its formula?
How many isomers does glucose have?
Hexose sugar
C6H12O6
Alpha glucose
Beta glucose
What is the difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose?
Alpha - H at top
Beta -OH at top
Glucose joined to glucose forms?
Glucose joined to fructose forms?
Glucose joined to galactose forms?
Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose
What bond is formed when a condensation reaction occurs?
What breaks the glycosidic bond?
Glycosidic bond
Hydrolysis
Why are polysaccharides suitable for storage?
What happens when polysaccharides are hydrolysised ?
Large molecules, that are insoluble
Break down into disaccharides or monosaccharides
Where is starch found in?
Why is it important?
Plants in the form of small grains found in storage organs
Forms major component of food/major energy source
Formation of starch chains?
Made from alpha glucose
Can be branched or unbranched
The unbranched chain is wound into a tight coil and makes a molecule very compact
Why is starch’s structure suited for its function? Give five examples?
- Insoluble doesn’t affect water potential so water is not drawn into the cells by osmosis
- Large insoluble doesn’t diffuse out of cells
- Compact, a lot can be stored in small spaces
- When hydrolysed forms alpha glucose which can easily be transported and used in respiration
- Branch form has many ends can be acted by enzyme simultaneously glucose monomers are released rapidly
Where is starch never found in?
What Is found in the cells instead?
Animal cells
Similar polysaccharide glycogen