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AQA A-level Biology Year 1 > Chapter 2 Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the components of a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate group
Pentose sugar (5 C atoms)
Nitrogen-containing organic base

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2
Q

How is a nucleotide formed?

A

Condensation reaction

Pentose sugar + Phosphate Group + Organic base

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3
Q

How is a dinucleotide formed?

A

Deoxyribose sugar + ,Mononucleotide

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4
Q

How are dinucleotides held together?

A

Phosphodiester bond

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5
Q

What is a long chain on mononucleotides?

A

Polynucleotides

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6
Q

Describe the RNA structure?

A

Single, relatively short polynucleotide chain
Pentose sugar = Ribose
Organic Bases = Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine

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7
Q

What is the RNA function?

A

Transfers genetic info from DNA to other ribosomes

Protein Synthesis

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8
Q

Describe the DNA structure?

A

Pentose sugar = Deoxyribose

Organic bases = Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

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9
Q

What are the complementary base pairings in DNA?

A

Adenine + Thymine

Guanine + Cytosine

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10
Q

How are the base pairings joined together and what does it form?

A 
Hydrogen Bonding
Forms bridges (rings) between phosphodiester uprights
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11
Q

What are the features of the double helix?

A

2 polynucleotides twisted

Extremely long

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12
Q

How is the double helix structured?

A

Phosphate + deoxyribose wind around one another = double helix
Forms a structural backbone of DNA

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13
Q

What protects chemically organic bases inside the double helix?

A

Phosphodiester backbone

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14
Q

A higher proportion of C-G pairings…

A

…Creates a more stable DNA (3 H bonds)

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15
Q

What is base stacking?

A

When interactive forces between base pairs hold up a molecule

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16
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

Is a hereditary material responsible for passing genetic info from cell to cell, from generation to generation

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17
Q

How does the adaptation of 2 separate strands joined by H bonding support the function of DNA?

A

Allows them to separate during DNA replication + protein synthesis

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18
Q

How does the adaptation of being an extremely long molecule support the function of DNA?

A

Allows to carry an immense amount of genetic info

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19
Q

How does the adaptation of base pairing support the function of DNA?

A

DNA is able to replicate + transfer info as mRNA

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20
Q

How does the adaptation of base pairs being within the helical cylinder of deoxyribose, phosphate backbone support the function of DNA?

A

Genetic material is protected from being corrupted by outside chemical and physical forces

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21
Q

Before a cell divides DNA must be…

A

Replicated

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22
Q

Why should DNA be replicated?

A

It ensures that all daughter cells have genetic info to produce enzymes and other proteins they need

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23
Q

What phase does DNA replication happen?

A

S phase (Interphase)

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24
Q

What are the 4 requirements needed for Semiconservative replication to take place?

A

1) 4 types of nucleotides must be present
2) Both strands of DNA act as a template for attachment of nucleotides
3) Enzyme Polymerase
4) Source of energy required to drive process

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25
Q

Describe the process of SCR?

A

1) Enzyme DNA helicase breaks H bonds linking bases pairs in DNA
2) Therefore, double helix separates + unwinds into 2 strands
3) Each polynucleotide strand acts as a template to which complementary free nucleotides bind by specific base pairing
4) Nucleotides are joined by a condensation reaction by enzyme DNA polymerase to form ‘missing’ polynucleotide strand of each 2 original strands of DNA
5) Each new DNA contains one original DNA and one build into a new DNA molecule

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26
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenine Triphosphate

27
Q

What is the function of ATP?

A

The main energy source to carry out processes within a cell

Is a phosphorylated macromolecule

28
Q

Describe the structure of ATP?

A

Adenine (N containing organic base)
Ribose (Acts as a backbone)
Phosphates (Chain of 3 phosphate groups)

29
Q

How does ATP store energy?

A

Bonds between the 3 unstable phosphate groups which causes lower activation energy causing it to be easily broken.
When broken it releases energy

30
Q

What is the equation of ATP converting to ADP?

A

ATP + H2O -> ADP + Pi + E

31
Q

What is used to convert ATP -> ADP?

A

Water = Hydrolysis

32
Q

What enzyme is catalyzed in the reaction where ATP is converted to ADP?

A

ATP hydrolase

33
Q

The conversion of ATP to ADP is a ________ reaction

A

reversible

34
Q

How is ADP reformed into ADP?

A

Energy is used to add inorganic phosphate to reform to ATP

35
Q

What enzyme is used the reaction of ADP -> ADP?

A

ATP synthase (Condensation rection)

36
Q

The addition of a phosphate molecule occurs in what 3 ways?

A

1) In chlorophyll-containing plants cells during photosynthesis
2) Plant + animal cells during respiration
3) Plant + animal cells when phosphate groups are transferred from a donor molecule to ADP

37
Q

Why is ATP not a good long-term energy store?

A

The phosphate base is unstable therefore it is used as an immediate energy source of cell

38
Q

Cells don’t store large quantities of ATP and therefore ______

A

maintain a few secs supply

39
Q

Give three examples of why ATP is a better immediate energy source than glucose?

A

1) Each ATP molecule releases less energy than Glucose, therefore, energy is released in smaller manageable quantities
2) Hydrolysis of ATP -> ADP is a single reaction and releases immediate energy
3) Breakdown of glucose takes a long series of reactions, energy release takes longer

40
Q

ATP cannot be stored therefore it needs to be_____

A

made continuously in mitochondria of cells that need it

41
Q

Why do metabolic processes require energy?

A

ATP provides energy to build up macromolecules from basic units

42
Q

Why does movement require energy?

A

Energy for muscle contraction

Provides energy for muscle filaments to slide past one another

43
Q

Why does active transport require energy?

A

Energy to change the shape o carrier proteins in the plasma membrane.
Allows ions + molecules to move against conc gradient

44
Q

Why does secretion require energy?

A

Form lysosomes

45
Q

Why does activation molecules require energy?

A

Inorganic phosphate released from hydrolysis of ATP used to phosphorylate other compounds to make them more reaction by lowering activation energy in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

46
Q

How is the water molecule dipolar?

A

2 atoms of H (slightly positive)

1 atom of O (slight negative)

47
Q

How is water bonded by H bonding?

A

different poles ( + , -) attract between different charges

48
Q

What causes unusual properties in the water?

A

Each bond is fairly weak together causes water to stick together

49
Q

Why are waters boiling point higher than expected?

A

Because H2O stick together more energy is needed to separate

50
Q

It requires more energy to heat a given mass of H2O therefore_________

A

you can use it to buffer against sudden temp variations which can make aquatic environments stable

51
Q

What is the energy called that is required to evaporate water? (due to H bonding with H2O)

A

Latent heat of vaporization

52
Q

How is evaporation effective for cooling?

A

Because body heat is used to evaporate H2O

53
Q

What is cohesion?

A

The tendency of molecules to stick together

54
Q

How can water be pulled up the xylem?

A

With its Hydrogen bonding, H2O has large cohesive forces which allow it to be pulled up the xylem

55
Q

What is surface tension?

A

When water surface acts like skin and is strong enough to support small organisms

56
Q

Why is water important to organisms?

A

The main constituent of all organisms (e.g 70% of humans)(

The environment where species may live

57
Q

How is water used in metabolism?

A

It’s used to break down complex molecules by hydrolysis + produced in condensation reactions
Chemical reactions take place in an aqueous medium
Water major raw material for photosynthesis

58
Q

How is water used as a solvent?

A

Readily dissolves in substances:
Gases (O2 + CO2)
Wastes (NH3 + urea)
Inorganic ions + small hydrophobic (molecules / amino acids, monosaccharides ATP)
Enzymes (Reaction takes place in solution)

59
Q

What is the advantage of water evaporating?

A

cools organisms

60
Q

What is the advantage of water not easily compressed?

A

Provides support

61
Q

What is the advantage of water being transparent?

A

Aquatic plants can photosynthesize

62
Q

What are inorganic ions?

A

found in organisms where they occur in solution in the cytoplasm of cells + bodily fluids, larger molecules
Concentration ranges from very high -> very low

63
Q

What is the function of inorganic ions?

A

Related to its properties

AQA A-level Biology Year 1 (10 decks)

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