Chapter 10 Flashcards
What is the definition of classification?
is the organization of living organisms into groups
What is the definition of species?
They are capable of breeding to produce fertile offspring
What system is used to name species?
The binomial system
Organisms are identified by by 2 names which are…
Generic name
Specific name
What are the rules when using the binomial system?
- Printed in italics
- If handwritten they are underline (identifies its scientific name)
- If a specific name is unknown it can be written as ‘sp’
(e. g felix sp)
What are the taxonomy ranks?
Domain Kingdown Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
What are the five kingdoms?
Prokaryotes Protocista Fungi Plantae Anamalia
What are bacteria?
Are a group of single-celled prokaryotes with
What are the features of bacteria?
- Absence of membrane-bound organelles
- Unicellular
- Ribosomes smaller than eukaryotes
- Cell walls present (made of murerin)
- Single loop of naked DNA
What are archaea?
A group of single celled prokaryotes that were originally classified as bacteria
How do archaea differ from bacteria?
-Genes + protein synthesis are more similar to eukaryotes
Membranes contain fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages
More complex form of polymerase
What are eukarya?
Group of organisms made cup of 1 or more eukaryotic cells
What are the features of eukarya?
- Cells possess membrane bound organelles
- Have membranes containing fatty acids
- Not all posses all with cell wall
- Ribosomes larger
What is the definition of phylogeny?
Evolutionary between organisms
Represented through tree diagrams
What is courtship behavior?
Helps to ensure that mating is successful and that the offspring have the maximum chance of survival
How does courtship behaviour ensure that mating is successful
- Recognizes members of their own species
- Identify a mate that is capable of breeding
- Forms a pair bond
- Synchronise mating
- Become able to breed
What is the definition of classification?
The grouping of organisms
What is the definition of taxonomy?
Theory and practice of biological classification
What are the two forms of biological classification?
Artificial classification
Phylogenetic classification
What is artificial classification?
Divides organisms according to differences that are useful at the time (e.g. size, colour)
Described as analogous characteristics. They don’t have same evolutionary begins (wings of butterfly _ bird)
What is phylogenetic classification?
a) Based on evolutionary relationships between organisms + ancestors
b) Classifies into groups using features derived from ancestors
c) arranges group into a hierarchy, in which the groups are contained within larger composite groups with no overlap
Based on homologous characteristics
What is biodiversity?
Used to describe “variety in living world”
Refers to no’ of variety of living organisms in particular area + has 3 components
What is species diversity?
Number of different species + the no’ of individuals of each species within any one community
What is genetic diversity?
Variety of genes possessed by the individuals that make up the population of a species
What is ecosystem diversity?
Range of different habitats from a small local habitat to the whole of the earth
What is species richness?
The number of different species in a particular area at a given time (community)
How do you measure the index of diversity?
…
What is the impact of agriculture being controlled by humans?
Framers select species for particular qaulities that make more productive
therefore
-increase in 1 species + other compete
-No species + genetic variety of alleles, reduced to few that exhibit features (pesticides reduces species?
What is the overall effect of agriculture being con controlled?
Reduction in species diversity
Therefore
low agricultural ecosystems
What is the effect of intensive food production?
Diminishes variety of habitats + reduces SD
What practices reduce Species diversity?
Removal of hedgerows
Creating monocultures
Filing out ponds + draining out other wetland
Over grazing land
How do using pesticides + inorganic fertilizers effect agriculture?
- Escape of effluent from silage stores + slurry tsnks into water courses
- Absence of crop rotation and lack of intercropping or undersowing
Name some conservation techniques
Plant hedges not erect fences Maintain existing ponds + make new ponds -Use organic fetilisers -Create natural meadows -Don't drain wet corners or fields -Reduce the use of pesticides -Use intercropping than herbicides to control weeds
Why is maintaining biodiversity important?
If it isn’t then biodiversity reduced
Global living system unstable
We rely on gls for food + living
Changes of features of species happen because?
Change in DNA
Comparison of characteristics depends on?
Number + variety of allele
Environmental influence
What are the limitations of comparing characteristics?
Large number coded for more than one gene (polygenic)
Difficult to distinguish
Characteristics can b modified environmentally( maybe an environmental factor not allele)
How can DNA sequencing be done?
aUTOMATIC MACHINES
dATA PRODUCED ANALYSED BY COMPUTER
Nucleotide bases tagged by colour (series of coloured bands)
Sample DNA + sequence to produce a pattern of coloured bands
How does DNA analysis help to compare species?
Determines how diverse they are
What are mutations?
Nucleotide bases would chnage
Therefore
overtime how species accumulate + more differnces in DNA
Comparison of the base sequence of mRNA?
mRNA coded for by DNA
Base sequences mRNA compliment -> Strand of DNA
Can measure genetic DNA diveristy
Comparison of amino acid in proteins
Sequence of amino acids determine mRNA -> determine by DNA
GD therefore measured comparing AA sequence to same proteins
What is interspecific variation?
If one species differ from another
What is intraspecific variation?
Members of th same species differ from each other
Why can sampling be not reliable?
Sampling bias
Chance - could be pure chnace notn representative
How can you prevent sampling bias?
Eliminate human involement
Random sampling
How can you do random sampling?
1) Divide study area into a grid of numbered lines
2) Using random numbers from table/ generated, obtain a series of co-ordinates
3) Take samples at the intersection of each pair of coordinates
How can you minimize chance by using random sampling?
Use large sample size
Analyse data collected
What is mean + standard deviation ?
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