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AQA A-level Biology Year 1 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of classification?

A

is the organization of living organisms into groups

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2
Q

What is the definition of species?

A

They are capable of breeding to produce fertile offspring

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3
Q

What system is used to name species?

A

The binomial system

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4
Q

Organisms are identified by by 2 names which are…

A

Generic name

Specific name

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5
Q

What are the rules when using the binomial system?

A
  • Printed in italics
  • If handwritten they are underline (identifies its scientific name)
  • If a specific name is unknown it can be written as ‘sp’
    (e. g felix sp)
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6
Q

What are the taxonomy ranks?

A 
Domain
Kingdown
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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7
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A 
Prokaryotes
Protocista
Fungi
Plantae 
Anamalia
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8
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Are a group of single-celled prokaryotes with

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9
Q

What are the features of bacteria?

A
  • Absence of membrane-bound organelles
  • Unicellular
  • Ribosomes smaller than eukaryotes
  • Cell walls present (made of murerin)
  • Single loop of naked DNA
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10
Q

What are archaea?

A

A group of single celled prokaryotes that were originally classified as bacteria

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11
Q

How do archaea differ from bacteria?

A

-Genes + protein synthesis are more similar to eukaryotes
Membranes contain fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages
More complex form of polymerase

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12
Q

What are eukarya?

A

Group of organisms made cup of 1 or more eukaryotic cells

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13
Q

What are the features of eukarya?

A
  • Cells possess membrane bound organelles
  • Have membranes containing fatty acids
  • Not all posses all with cell wall
  • Ribosomes larger
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14
Q

What is the definition of phylogeny?

A

Evolutionary between organisms

Represented through tree diagrams

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15
Q

What is courtship behavior?

A

Helps to ensure that mating is successful and that the offspring have the maximum chance of survival

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16
Q

How does courtship behaviour ensure that mating is successful

A
  • Recognizes members of their own species
  • Identify a mate that is capable of breeding
  • Forms a pair bond
  • Synchronise mating
  • Become able to breed
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17
Q

What is the definition of classification?

A

The grouping of organisms

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18
Q

What is the definition of taxonomy?

A

Theory and practice of biological classification

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19
Q

What are the two forms of biological classification?

A

Artificial classification

Phylogenetic classification

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20
Q

What is artificial classification?

A

Divides organisms according to differences that are useful at the time (e.g. size, colour)
Described as analogous characteristics. They don’t have same evolutionary begins (wings of butterfly _ bird)

21
Q

What is phylogenetic classification?

A

a) Based on evolutionary relationships between organisms + ancestors
b) Classifies into groups using features derived from ancestors
c) arranges group into a hierarchy, in which the groups are contained within larger composite groups with no overlap

Based on homologous characteristics

22
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

Used to describe “variety in living world”

Refers to no’ of variety of living organisms in particular area + has 3 components

23
Q

What is species diversity?

A

Number of different species + the no’ of individuals of each species within any one community

24
Q

What is genetic diversity?

A

Variety of genes possessed by the individuals that make up the population of a species

25
Q

What is ecosystem diversity?

A

Range of different habitats from a small local habitat to the whole of the earth

26
Q

What is species richness?

A

The number of different species in a particular area at a given time (community)

27
Q

How do you measure the index of diversity?

A

…

28
Q

What is the impact of agriculture being controlled by humans?

A

Framers select species for particular qaulities that make more productive
therefore
-increase in 1 species + other compete
-No species + genetic variety of alleles, reduced to few that exhibit features (pesticides reduces species?

29
Q

What is the overall effect of agriculture being con controlled?

A

Reduction in species diversity
Therefore
low agricultural ecosystems

30
Q

What is the effect of intensive food production?

A

Diminishes variety of habitats + reduces SD

31
Q

What practices reduce Species diversity?

A

Removal of hedgerows
Creating monocultures
Filing out ponds + draining out other wetland
Over grazing land

32
Q

How do using pesticides + inorganic fertilizers effect agriculture?

A
  • Escape of effluent from silage stores + slurry tsnks into water courses
  • Absence of crop rotation and lack of intercropping or undersowing
33
Q

Name some conservation techniques

A 
Plant hedges not erect fences
Maintain existing ponds + make new ponds
-Use organic fetilisers
-Create natural meadows
-Don't drain wet corners or fields
-Reduce the use of pesticides 
-Use intercropping than herbicides to control weeds
34
Q

Why is maintaining biodiversity important?

A

If it isn’t then biodiversity reduced
Global living system unstable
We rely on gls for food + living

35
Q

Changes of features of species happen because?

A

Change in DNA

36
Q

Comparison of characteristics depends on?

A

Number + variety of allele

Environmental influence

37
Q

What are the limitations of comparing characteristics?

A

Large number coded for more than one gene (polygenic)
Difficult to distinguish
Characteristics can b modified environmentally( maybe an environmental factor not allele)

38
Q

How can DNA sequencing be done?

A

aUTOMATIC MACHINES
dATA PRODUCED ANALYSED BY COMPUTER
Nucleotide bases tagged by colour (series of coloured bands)
Sample DNA + sequence to produce a pattern of coloured bands

39
Q

How does DNA analysis help to compare species?

A

Determines how diverse they are

40
Q

What are mutations?

A

Nucleotide bases would chnage
Therefore
overtime how species accumulate + more differnces in DNA

41
Q

Comparison of the base sequence of mRNA?

A

mRNA coded for by DNA
Base sequences mRNA compliment -> Strand of DNA
Can measure genetic DNA diveristy

42
Q

Comparison of amino acid in proteins

A

Sequence of amino acids determine mRNA -> determine by DNA

GD therefore measured comparing AA sequence to same proteins

43
Q

What is interspecific variation?

A

If one species differ from another

44
Q

What is intraspecific variation?

A

Members of th same species differ from each other

45
Q

Why can sampling be not reliable?

A

Sampling bias

Chance - could be pure chnace notn representative

46
Q

How can you prevent sampling bias?

A

Eliminate human involement

Random sampling

47
Q

How can you do random sampling?

A

1) Divide study area into a grid of numbered lines
2) Using random numbers from table/ generated, obtain a series of co-ordinates
3) Take samples at the intersection of each pair of coordinates

48
Q

How can you minimize chance by using random sampling?

A

Use large sample size

Analyse data collected

49
Q

What is mean + standard deviation ?

A

,,,,

AQA A-level Biology Year 1 (10 decks)

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