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ANAT-A 215 Exam 1 > Chapter 2 Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

The plasma membrane, sometimes called the cell membrane, forms the outer, limiting barrier separating the internal contents of the cell from the external environment.

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cytoplasm is a general term for all cellular contents located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. The three components of the cytoplasm are cytosol (a viscous fluid), inclusions (nonfunctional, temporary structures that store cellular products), and organelles (tiny structures that perform specific cellular functions).

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

The nucleus is the cell’s control center. It controls protein synthesis (production of new proteins), and in so doing, it directs the functional and structural characteristics of the cell

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4
Q

Plasma Membrane Structure

A

Phospholipid bilayer containing cholesterol and proteins (integral and peripheral) and some carbohydrates (externally

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5
Q

Plasma Membrane Function

A

Contains receptors for communication; forms intercellular connections; acts as physical barrier to enclose cell contents; regulates material movement into and out of the cell

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6
Q

Cytoplasm Structure

A

Contains cytosol, a viscous fluid, and inclusions and organelles

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7
Q

Cytoplasm Function

A

Place of many metabolic processes of the cell; stores nutrients and dissolved solutes

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8
Q

Cytosol Structure

A

Viscous fluid medium with dissolved solutes (ions, nutrients, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and other small molecules)

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9
Q

Cytosol Function

A

Provides support for organelles; serves as viscous medium through which diffusion occurs

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10
Q

Organelles Structure

A

Membrane-bound and non-membrane-bound structures that have unique functions and activities

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11
Q

Organelle Function

A

Carry out specific metabolic activities of the cell

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12
Q

Inclusions Structure

A

Droplets of melanin, protein, glycogen granules, or lipid; usually non-membrane-bound

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13
Q

Inclusions Function

A

Store materials

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14
Q

Nucleus Structure

A

Surrounded by double membrane nuclear envelope (each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer); contains nucleolus and chromatin

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15
Q

Nucleus Function

A

Acts as cell control center; controls all genetic information (DNA); site of ribosome subunit assembly

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16
Q

Nucleur Envelope Structure

A

Double membrane boundary between cytoplasm and nuclear contents

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17
Q

Nucleur Envelope Function

A

Physical barrier that controls movement of materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

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18
Q

Nucleur Pore Structure

A

Openings through the nuclear envelope

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19
Q

Nucleur Pore Function

A

Allow for passage of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm

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20
Q

Nucleuolus Structure

A

Spherical, dark-staining, dense granular region in the nucleus

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21
Q

Nucleuolus Function

A

Synthesizes rRNA and assembles ribosomes in the nucleus

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22
Q

Chromatin and chromosomes Structure

A

Filamentous association of DNA and histone proteins

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23
Q

Chromatin and Chromosome Function

A

Site of genes in the DNA

24
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) Structure

A

Interconnected network of membrane tubules and vesicles; no ribosomes

25
Q

Smooth ER Function

A

Synthesizes lipids; metabolizes carbohydrates; detoxifies drugs, alcohol

26
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) Structure

A

Flattened intracellular network of membrane sacs called cisternae; ribosomes attached on cytoplasmic surface

27
Q

Rough ER Function

A

Synthesizes proteins for secretion, new proteins for the plasma membrane, and lysosomal enzymes; transports and stores molecules

28
Q

Golgi Apparatus Structure

A

Stacked series of flattened, smooth membrane sacs with associated transport vesicles (also called shuttle vesicles)

29
Q

Golgi Apparatus Function

A

Modifies, packages, and sorts newly synthesized proteins for secretion, inclusion in new plasma membrane, or lysosomal enzyme synthesis

30
Q

Lysosomes Structure

A

Membrane sacs with digestive enzymes

31
Q

Lysosome Function

A

Digest materials or microbes ingested by the cell; remove old/damaged organelles; self-destruct (autolyze)

32
Q

Peroxisomes Structure

A

Membrane-enclosed sacs; usually contain large amounts of specific enzymes to break down harmful substances

33
Q

Peroxisome Functions

A

Convert hydrogen peroxide formed during metabolism to water

34
Q

Mitochondria Structure

A

Double membrane structures with cristae; fluid matrix contents at center

35
Q

Mitochondria Function

A

Synthesize most ATP during cellular respiration; “powerhouses of cell”

36
Q

Ribosomes Structure

A

Dense cytoplasmic granules with two subunits (large and small); may be free in cytoplasm (free ribosomes) or bound to rough ER (bound ribosomes)

37
Q

Ribosomes Function

A
  • Synthesize proteins for:
    • use in the cell (free ribosomes)
    • secretion, incorporation into plasma membrane, or lysosomes (bound ribosomes)
38
Q

Cytoskeleton Structure

A

Organized network of protein filaments or hollow tubules throughout the cell

39
Q

Cytoskeleton Function

A

Provides structural support; facilitates cytoplasmic streaming, organelle and cellular motility, transport of materials, and chromosomal movement and cell division

40
Q

Microfilaments Structure

A

Actin protein monomers formed into filaments

41
Q

Microfilaments Function

A

Maintain cell shape; aid in muscle contraction and intracellular movement; separate dividing cells

42
Q

Intermediate Filaments Structure

A

Various protein components

43
Q

Intermediate Filaments Function

A

Provide structural support; stabilize cell junctions

44
Q

Microtubules Structure

A

Hollow cylinders of tubulin protein; able to lengthen and shorten

45
Q

Microtubules Function

A

Support cell; hold organelles in place; maintain cell shape and rigidity; direct organelle movement within cell and cell motility as cilia and flagella; move chromosomes at cell division

46
Q

Centrosome Structure

A

Amorphous region adjacent to nucleus; contains a pair of centrioles

47
Q

Centrosome Function

A

Organizes microtubules; participates in spindle formation during cell division

48
Q

Centrioles Structure

A

Paired perpendicular cylindrical bodies; composed of microtubule triplets

49
Q

Centrioles Function

A

Organize microtubules during cell division for movement of chromosomes

50
Q

Cilia Structure

A

Short, membrane-attached projections containing microtubules; occur in large numbers on exposed membrane surfaces

51
Q

Cilia Function

A

Move fluid, mucus, and materials over the cell surface

52
Q

Flagellum Structure

A

Long, singular membrane extension containing microtubules

53
Q

Flagellum Function

A

Propels sperm in human male

54
Q

Microvilli Structure

A

Numerous thin membrane folds projecting from the free cell surface

55
Q

Microvilli Function

A

Increase membrane surface area for absorption and/or secretion

56
Q
A

ANAT-A 215 Exam 1 (9 decks)

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