Chapter 2 Notes Flashcards
Elements are represented by
One or two letter symbols
Chemical element
The simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties
How many elements play normal physiological rolls and humans
24
Six elements account for 98.5% of the humans body weight they are
O, C, H, N , Ca , P
Six elements account 0.8% of humans body weight they are
S, K, Na, CL, MG, Fe
The 12 remaining elements are trace elements they are
CR, CO, Cu, F, I, MN, MO, SI, SM, V, ZN
Minerals
Inorganic elements extracted from the soil by plants
Atom
Particle so small that nothing can cut it
Nucleus of an Adam is composed of
Protons and neutrons
Protons have a
Single positive charge
Neutrons have
No charge
Around the nucleus are
One or more concentric clouds of electrons
Electrons are
Tiny particles with a single negative charge
Electrons determine
The chemical properties of an Atom
The number of electrons equals
The number of protons
Electrons from the nucleus and electrons shells and those of the outermost shell
Determine the bonding of an Atom
Isotopes
Elements which different number of neutrons
All isotopes
In an element behave the same chemically
Radioisotopes
Isotopes that are unstable and decay to more stable isotopes by giving off radiation
Ionizing radiation
High-energy radiation that destroys molecules and produces dangerous free radicals and ions in human tissues
Ions
Charged particles with an equal number of protons and electrons
An ion can be a single atom with a positive
or negative charge a group of atoms or as large as a protein with many charges
Elements with 1 to 3 electrons in their outer shell
Tend to give up electrons
Elements with 4 to 7 electrons in their outer shell
Tends to gain more electrons
Anions
Particles that gain electrons and acquire a negative charge
Cations
Particles that lose electrons and acquire a positive charge
Ions with opposite charges
Are attracted to each other and tend to follow each other through the body
Electrolytes
Compounds that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electricity
Electrolytes are important for
Chemical reactivity, osmotic effects and electrical effects
Free radicals
Chemical particles with an odd number of electrons
Free radicals are produced by normal metabolic reactions
And combine with molecules converting them into free radicals
Anti-oxidant
A chemical that neutralizes free radicals
Molecules
Particles composed of two or more atoms united by a bond
Compounds
Molecules composed into two or more elements
Molecular formulae
Identify the elements in a molecule and show how many atoms of each present
Chemical bonds
Forces that hold the molecules together and attract to one another
Ionic bond
Week attraction of a cation to an anion that easily dissociates in the presence of something more attractive
Covalent bonds
Attraction between Atoms filled by the sharing of electrons
Single covalent bond
Sharing of a single pair of electrons
Double covalent bond
Sharing of two pairs of electrons
Hydrogen bond
A week attraction between a hydrogen atom in a molecule and an oxygen or nitrogen in another
Van der walls Forces
Weak brief attractions between neutral atoms
Most mixtures in our bodies are chemicals dissolved or suspended in
H2O
Solvency
The ability to dissolve other chemicals
Hydrophillic
Substances that dissolve in water
Hydrophobic
Substances that do not dissolve in water
Biological molecules must be dissolved in water to
Move freely come together and react
Adhesion
The tendency of one substance to cling to another
Water adheres to the bodies tissues and forms a
Lubricating film
Cohesion
The tendency of molecules of the same substance to cling to each other
Water is very cohesive
Because of its hydrogen bonds
Surface tension
A force that holds water molecules together so they form an elastic later
Chemical reactivity
Water participates in chemical reactions by ionizing other chemicals
Thermalstability
Water has a high heat capacity and thus can absorb heat without changing temperature much
Solution
Particles under one nm mixed with a liquid (solvent)
Solution does not separate
When allowed to stand
Colloids
Particles 1 to 100 nm mixed with a liquid
Particles will not pass through
Selectively permeable membrane
Suspension
Particles larger than 100 NM mixed with a liquid
Particles separate from liquid
On standing in a suspension
Weight per volume
8.5 g nacl per 1 liter of water
Percentages
Weight over volume or volume over volume
Molarity
Used to determine molecules over volume using molecular weight in grams
Acid
a proton donor
Base
The proton acceptor or OH donor.
The pH scale extends from
0.0 - 14.0
Neutral solution
PH of 7.0
Acidic solution
PH below 7.0
Basic solution
PH above 7.0
The lower the pH
More H a solution has and the more acidic
Slight disturbances of pH
Can seriously disrupt the cells function
Energy
Capacity to do work
Potential energy
Energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state but it is not doing work at the time
Kinetic energy
Energy of motion energy that is doing work
Chemical energy is potential energy
Stored in the bonds of molecules
Some chemical reactions release the energy
And make it available for work
Chemical reaction
A process in which a bond is formed or broken
Decomposition reaction
A large molecule breaks down into smaller ones
Synthesis reaction
Small molecules combined to form a larger one
Exchange reaction
Two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms
Metabolism
All Chemical reactions in the body
Catabolism
Energy releasing decomposition reactions
Anabolism
Energy storing synthesis reactions that require energy input
Carbon is a versatile atom that serves as the basis of
A Variety of structures
Carbon has 4 valance electrons so it bonds with other atoms that can provide it with
Four more electrons
Carbon bonds with other carbon to form
Long chains Branched molecules and rings
Carbon commonly bonds with
H O, N, and S
Functional groups
Small clusters of atoms attached to a carbon backbone which determine properties of an organic molecule
Hydroxyl
OH
Methyl
Ch3
Carboxyl
COOH
Amino
NH2
Phosphate
H2PO4
Monomers
Subunits
Polymers
Molecules made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits
Dehydration synthesis
OH group is removed from a monomer and a -H from another producing h2o and forming a covalent bond
Hydrolysis
Water breaks down to OH and H covalent bond is broken between monomers and with OH added to one monomer and H added to another.
Carbohydrate
Hydrophilic organic molecule with the general formula CH2O
Simplest carbs
Monomers, Monosaccharides
Three primary carbs
Glucose, fructose, galactose
Glucose is
Blood sugar providing energy for most cells
Diasccharides
Sugars composed of two monosaccharides important ones are sucrose lactose and maltose
Oligosaccharides
Short chain of three or more monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Long chains of monosaccharides
Glycogen
Energy storage molecule made by cells of live muscles brain uterus and vagina
Starch
Energy storage molecule of plants that is digestible by humans
Cellulose
Molecule that gives strength to the cell walls of plants not digestible by humans
ATP
Carbs are converted into glucose which oxidized creates it.
Glycolipds
Component of cell surface coat
Glycoproteins
Component of cell surface coat and mucus
Proteoglycans
Cell adhesion lubrication and filler of some tissues
Lipid
A hydrophobic organic molecule with high ration of H to O
Fatty acid
A chain of carbon atoms with a cooh at one end and ch3 on the other
Saturated fatty acid
Has as much hydrogens as it can hold
Unsaturated fatty acid
Contains some double bonds so hydrogen could be added to the molecule
Triglyceride
A molecule consisting of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol
Oils
Triglycerides that are liquid at room temp.
Saturated fats
Solid at room or body temp
Adipose tissue
Energy storage, insulation and cushions organs
Phospholipids
Similar to triglycerides except one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group.
The fatty acids are
Hydrophobic but Phosphate is hydrophilic
Phospholipids serve as
Foundations for cell membranes
Eicosaniods
20 carbon compounds derived from a fatty acid
Function as a hormone like chemical signals between cells
Prostogladians
Play a variety of signaling roles in inflammation, blood clotting, hormone action, labor contractions, etc.
Cholesterol
A lipid with Carbons arranged in four rings
The parent from which steroids are formed
Required for nervous system functions.
Steroids
Hormones
