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Artic/Phonology > chapter 2 "Normal Aspects of Articulation" > Flashcards

chapter 2 "Normal Aspects of Articulation" Flashcards

1
Q

what consists of an organized set or system of sounds that are used to convey meaning?

A

speech

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2
Q

What includes the collection of words that are used in phrases and sentences and the grammar rules of the language that we use to create phrases and sentences?

A

language

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3
Q

What two perspective can speech sounds be viewed?

A
  1. motor production (speech)

2. units that facilitate the expression of meaning (language)

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4
Q

What are sounds called that are studied as part of the language system? (these help to derive a speakers meaning)

A

phonemes

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5
Q

What? is the minimal sound elements that represent and distinguish language units

A

morphemes or words

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6
Q

which is more detailed: phonemic or phonetic transcriptions?

A

phonetic

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7
Q

A phonetic transcription is sensitive to ______ variation within a phoneme class.

A

sound. An example: allophone

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8
Q

what is an allophone?

A

numerous sets of distinct sounds, some of which may belong to the same phoneme family. (example pop…the initial /p/ sounds different than the final /p/)

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9
Q

phonemic transcription are enclosed in …..

phonetic transcriptions are enclosed in….

A

( / / )

[ }

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10
Q

what are the 2 types of allophonic variations?

A

complementary distribution

free variation

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11
Q

what is complementary distribution?

A

two (or more) allophones never occur in exactly the same phonetic environment.

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12
Q

what is free variation?

A

when they occur in the same phonetic context. ( Pop will have an aspirated initial /p/ and the final /p/ can be aspirated or not)

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13
Q

Phonemes are combined to produce meaningful units called…

A

morphemes (words)

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14
Q

Meaning that is ascribed to individual words is called….

A

semantics

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15
Q

describe the process from the information-processing model of verbal formulation and utterance production.

A

cognitive

  1. syntactic and semantic
  2. phonologic
  3. phonetic (communicates to working memory)
  4. motor control (communicates to working memory)
  5. auditory
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16
Q

information at the cognitive level is used to make decision at what levels?

A

semantic and syntactic

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17
Q

what is semantic level sometimes referred to as?

A

lexicalization

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18
Q

what is the second stage in the information-processing model?

A

phonologic (word’s sound pattern)

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19
Q

What level is after phonologic in the information-processing model?

A

phonetic

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20
Q

what are the two kinds of processing involved in utterance production?

A

controlled (this makes demands on working memory)

automatic (does not require working memory)

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21
Q

Are syntactic, semantic and phonological processing automatic or controlled?

A

automatic

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22
Q

what are the 6 principle organs and/or subsystems used int speech production?

A
  1. respiratory system
  2. larynx (vocal fold vibrations)
  3. velopharynx (separates oral and nasal cavities)
  4. tongue
  5. lips
  6. jaw
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23
Q

What system controls the speech process controlled?

A

nervous system

24
Q

what is the basic function of the respiratory system in speech?

A

push air into the airway composed of the larynx and the oral and nasal cavities.

25
Q

what is the basic function of the larynx?

A

regulate airflow to create voiced and voiceless segments.

26
Q

The articulators are comprised of what 4 parts?

A
  1. tongue
  2. lips
  3. jaw
  4. velopharynx
27
Q

Articulation is a matter of lengthening, ______ and ______ the vocal tract.

A

shortening and constricting

28
Q

what is phonology?

A

the study of how sounds are put together to form words and other linguistic units

29
Q

what is acoustic phonetics?

A

the study of of the relationship between articulation and the acoustic signal of speech

30
Q

what is articulatory phonetics?

A

the study of how the articulators make individual sounds.

31
Q

what is speech perception?

A

the study of how phonetic decisions are made from the acoustic signal.

32
Q

is the vocal tract open or closed during vowels?

A

open

33
Q

What are vowels sometimes called?

A

syllable nuclei

34
Q

Vowel production ccan be described by specifying the position of what two articulators?

A

tongue and lips

35
Q

Vowels in English are described as either being ______ or ________.

A

rounded

unrounded

36
Q

What are the two major dimensions within the oral cavity that the tongue moves when producing speech?

A

front-back

high-low

37
Q

Are tense vowels longer or shorter in duration ?

A

longer

38
Q

Are English vowels voiced or voiceless?

A

voiced and nonnasal

39
Q

Can English vowels be described as devoiced?

A

yes

40
Q

What are the 3 major characteristics of a vowel?

A
  1. tenseness/laxness
  2. lip configuration
  3. tongue position
41
Q

what are diphthongs?

A

also known as a gliding vowel, refers to two adjacent vowel sounds occurring within the same syllable.

42
Q

Many clinicians regard diphthongs as a combination of two vowels. What are the names?

A

onglide

offglide

43
Q

What are distinctive features?

A

a set of binary features designed to describe the phonemes in all languages.

44
Q

According to the Chomsky-Halle system, what are the 3 major class features of a voiced vowel?

A
  1. sonorant
  2. vocalic
  3. consonantal
45
Q

Is the vocal tract open or closed during consonant production?

A

partially or complete closure

46
Q

What are the 3 classifications for consonants?

A
  1. manner
  2. placement
  3. voicing
47
Q

Describe fricative

A

narrow constriction, creates a noisy sounds as it rushes through a narrow passage way.

48
Q

Describe Affricate

A

complete closure followed by a brief fricative (combination of stop and fricative segments)

49
Q

Describe Nasal

A

complete oral closure

open velopharyngeal port

50
Q

Describe the lateral /l/

A

sound escapes laterally

51
Q

Describe rhotic /r/

A

tongue is turned back (“ray”)

52
Q

Describe a glide

A

“semi-vowel”.

These sounds are followed by a vowel

53
Q

What is a cognate?

A

when sounds differ only in voicing (/p/ and /b/)

54
Q

do allophones change word meaning?

A

no.

55
Q

When working with children we need to be aware of their speech ______

A

patterns

56
Q

What are the 4 parts of the tongue?

A
  1. tip
  2. blade
  3. dorsum
  4. root

Artic/Phonology (5 decks)

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