Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Behavior

Question 1

Franz Gall
a popular but ill-fated theory that claimed that bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities and our character traits

Answer 1

phrenology

Question 2

a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior
AKA behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior genecists, physiological psychologists or biopsychologitsts

Answer 2

biology psychology

Question 3

this is what the body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cell
-a nerve cell; basic building block of the nervous system

Answer 3

Neuron

Question 4

the bushy, branching, extensions of a neuron that receives messages and conducts impulses toward the cell body

Answer 4

dendrite

Question 5

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

Answer 5

axon

Question 6

a layer of fatty tissue, segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the nexta neural
-evident in MS

Answer 6

myelin sheath

Question 7

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane

Answer 7

action potential

Question 8

a level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

Answer 8

threshold

Question 9

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron; gap is called synaptic gap or cleft

Answer 9

synapse

Question 10

chemical messengers that transverse the synpatic gaps between neurons, when released by the sending neuron, travel across the synapse and bind to the receptor sites on the receiving neurons, there by influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse

Answer 10

neurotransmitter

Question 11

a neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction

Answer 11

acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 12

influences movement, learning attention and emotion

Answer 12

dopamine

Question 13

affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal

Answer 13

serotonin

Question 14

“morphine within”, natural opiate like neurotransmitter linked to pain control and to pleasure

Answer 14

endorphins

Question 15

the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication networks, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

Answer 15

nervous system

Question 16

the brain and the spinal cord

Answer 16

central nervous system (CNS)

Question 17

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

Answer 17

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Question 18

neural “cables” containing many axons, part of the PNS, connect the CNS with muscle, glands and sense organs

Answer 18

nerves

Question 19

neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system

Answer 19

sensory neurons

Question 20

neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands

Answer 20

motor neurons

Question 21

central nervous system neurons, that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor output

Answer 21

somatic nervous system

Question 22

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs, its sympathetic division arouses; the parasympathic division calms

Answer 22

autonomic nervous system

Question 23

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing the body in stressful situations

Answer 23

sympathetic nervous system

Question 24

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

Answer 24

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 25

a simple automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus

Answer 25

reflex

Question 26

interconnected neural cells with experience networks can learn as feedback strengths or inhibits connections that produce certain results

Answer 26

neural networks

Question 27

the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secretes hormones into the bloodstream

Answer 27

endocrine system

Question 28

chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another

Answer 28

hormones

Question 29

a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys the adrenals secrete just above the kidneys the adrenals secrete the hormones epinephrine and none epinephrine which help to arouse the body in time of stress

Answer 29

adrenals glands

Question 30

the endocrine's system most influential gland under the influence of the hypothalamus the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine systems

Answer 30

pituitary glands

Question 31

tissue destruction; brain _____ is a naturally or experimentally caused

Answer 31

lesion

Question 32

]an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweeps across the brain's surface waves are surfaced by electrodes placed on the scalp

Answer 32

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 33

a visual display of brain activity, detects radioactive forms of glucose while the brain performs a task

Answer 33

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan

Question 34

uses magnetic fields and radio waves, produces computer generated images that distinguishes different types of soft tissue

Answer 34

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Question 35

reveals blood flow and brain activity shows brain function can tell if people are lying

Answer 35

fMRI (functional MRI)

Question 36

oldest part of the brain central core of the brain automatic survival skills

Answer 36

brainstem

Question 37

the base of the brainstem breathing and heartbeat coordinates movements

Answer 37

medulla

Question 38

nerve network in the brainstem | controls arousal

Answer 38

reticular formation

Question 39

sensory switchboard top of the brainstem directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex

Answer 39

thalamus

Question 40

little brian rear of the brainstem processing sensory output movement and balance

Answer 40

cerebellum

Question 41

neural system between the brain's older parts and cerebral hemispheres linked with emotion

Answer 41

amygdala

Question 42

below the thalamus maintenance activities helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland

Answer 42

hypothalamus

Question 43

interconnected neural cells -covers cerebral hemispheres ultimate control and information center

Answer 43

cerebral cortex

Question 44

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish and product neurons

Answer 44

glial cells

Question 45

behind the forehead speaking and muscle movements making plans and judgements

Answer 45

frontal lobes

Question 46

top, back of head | sensory input for touch and body position

Answer 46

parietal lobes

Question 47

above the ears | auditory area

Answer 47

temporal lobes

Question 48

behind the frontal lobe | controls voluntary movement and body touch

Answer 48

motor cortex

Question 49

front of the parietal lobe

Answer 49

sensory cortex

Question 50

part of the cerebral cortex primary motor or sensory functions higher mental functions - learning, thinking

Answer 50

association area

Question 51

metal rod went through left cheek and out his head through the frontal lobe still alive, but no longer the same person

Answer 51

Phineas gage

Question 52

impairment of language | left hemisphere damage to the bronchas area or to wernick's area

Answer 52

aphasia

Question 53

controls language expression area of the frontal lobe left hemisphere muscle movement associated with speech

Answer 53

broca's area

Question 54

controls language reception language comprehension and expression left temporal lobe

Answer 54

wenick's area

Question 55

brain's capacity for modification evident in brain reorganization following damage experiments on the effects of experience on the brain developemtn

Answer 55

plasticity

Question 56

large band of neural fibers connects brain hemispheres carries messages between them

Answer 56

corpus callosum

Question 57

a condition which two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers

Answer 57

split brain