Chapter 1: Thinking Critically with Psychological Science Flashcards
I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon, the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome that one would have for seen it
hindsight bias
the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of one’s belief and judgements
overconfidence
thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions, rather it examines assumptions, discerns, hidden values, evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions
critical thinking
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations
theory
a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
hypothesis
a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables (it allows us to MEASURE variables)
operation definitions
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
replicate
an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles (can suggest hypotheses for further study)
case study
a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them
survey
the tendency to overestimate the extend to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
false consensus affect
all the cases in the group, from which samples may be drawn for a study
population
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
random sample
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
naturalistic observations
a measure of the extend two which two factors vary together and thus of how well wither factor predicts the other
correlation
a graphed cluster of dots each of represent the values of two variables the point of the slope suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation
scatterplots
the perception of a relationship where non exists
illusory correlation
a research method in which an investigator maniuplates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process
experiment
an experimental procedure in which the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo
double blind procedure
experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent
placebo effect
the condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment that is to one version of the independent variable
experimental conditions
the condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition that serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
control conditions
assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to different groups
random assignment
the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effects is being studied
independent variable
the outcome factor, the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variables
dependent varibables
