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AP PSYCH > Chapter 2 - Neuroscience And Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Neuroscience And Behavior Flashcards

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0
Q

Neuron

A

A nerve cell; basic building block of the nervous system

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1
Q

Biological psychology

A

Branch of psych concerned with the links between biology and behavior

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2
Q

Dendrite

A

Extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

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3
Q

Axon

A

Extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, thru which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

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4
Q

Myelin [MY-uh-lin] sheath

A

Layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables greater transmission speed or neural impulses

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5
Q

Action potential

A

A neural impulse; brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

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6
Q

Resting potential

A

Fluid interior of axon is negatively charged & the outside is positively charged

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7
Q

Selectively permeable

A

Axon’s surface is selective about what it allows in

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8
Q

Threshold

A

Level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

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9
Q

Synapse

A

The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

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10
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons

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11
Q

Acetylcholine [ah-seat-el-KO-leen] (ACh)

A

Neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction

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12
Q

Endorphins

A

Natural neurotransmitter a linked to pain control and to pleasure

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13
Q

Agonists

A

Excite neurons’ firing

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14
Q

Antagonists

A

Inhibit neurons’ firing

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15
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Enables the brain to fence out unwanted chemicals circulating in the blood

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16
Q

Nervous system

A

The body’s electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

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17
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

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19
Q

Nerves

A

Neural “cables” containing many axons; they are part of PNS and connect the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs

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20
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Neurons that carry incoming info from the sense receptors to the CNS

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21
Q

Motor neurons

A

Neurons that carry outgoing info from the CNS to the muscles and glands

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22
Q

Interneurons

A

CNS neurons that internally communicate an intervene between sensory inputs and motor inputs

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23
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Division of PNS that controls body’s skeletal muscles; also called the skeletal nervous system

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24
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Part of PNS that controls glands and muscles of internal organs; sympathetic division arouses & parasympathetic division calms

25
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Division of the autonomic nervous system that around the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

26
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Division of autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

27
Q

Reflex

A

A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus

28
Q

Neural networks

A

Interconnected neural cells

29
Q

Endocrine

A

Body’s “slow” chemical communication system; set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

30
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactures by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another

31
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys

32
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Endocrine system’s most influential gland; under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and control other endocrine glands

33
Q

Lesion

A

Tissue destruction

34
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface

35
Q

PET (positron emission tomography) scan

A

A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

36
Q

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A

A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types if soft tissues; allows us to structures within the brain

37
Q

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

A

A technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans; shows brain function

38
Q

Brainstem

A

Responsible for automatic survival functions

39
Q

Medulla

A

Base of brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

40
Q

Reticular formation

A

Nerve network in brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal

41
Q

Thalamus

A

Brain’s sensory switchboard; directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

42
Q

Limbic system

A

Associated w/emotions and drives; includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus

43
Q

Cerebellum

A

“Little brain” Attached to rear of brainstem; processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance

44
Q

Amygdala

A

Two neural clusters that are components of limbic system and are linked to emotion

45
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Directs several maintenance activities, helps govern the endocrine system, and is linked to emotion

46
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Covers cerebral hemispheres; body’s ultimate control and info processing center; higher processing

47
Q

Glial cells

A

Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons

48
Q

Frontal lobes

A

Just behind forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments

49
Q

Parietal lobes

A

Part of cerebral cortex; receives sensory input for touch and body position

50
Q

Occipital lobes

A

Part of cerebral cortex; includes visual areas; receives visual info from opposite visual field

51
Q

Temporal lobes

A

Part of cerebral cortex; includes auditory areas; receives auditory info

52
Q

Motor cortex

A

Voluntary movements

53
Q

Sensory cortex

A

Body touch and movement

54
Q

Association areas

A

Not involved in primary motor or sensory function; higher mental functions (learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking)

55
Q

Aphasia

A

Impairment of language

56
Q

Broca’s area

A

Controls language expression (left frontal lobe)

57
Q

Wernik’s area

A

Controls language reception (left temporal lobe)

58
Q

Plasticity

A

Brain’s capacity for modification

59
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

60
Q

Split brain

A

Condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers between them

AP PSYCH (2 decks)

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