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AP PSYCH > Ch. 8 and 9: Learning And Memory > Flashcards

Ch. 8 and 9: Learning And Memory Flashcards

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0
Q

Learning

A

Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

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1
Q

Adaptability

A

Capacity to learn new behaviors so we can change with our circumstance

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2
Q

Associative learning

A

Learning that events occur together

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3
Q

Conditioning

A

Learning associations

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4
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Association of 2 stimuli to anticipate something

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5
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Association of our behavior with someone/something else’s response to it

Seeks positive results or the removal of negative ones

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6
Q

Behaviorism

A

View that psych

  1. Should be an objective science that
  2. Studies behavior w/o reference to mental processes

Most agree with 1 but not 2

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7
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Natural response to unconditioned stimulus (salivation when food is in the mouth)

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8
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Stimulus that naturally triggers a response

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9
Q

Conditioned response

A

Learned response to a previously natural stimulus

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10
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Originally irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioner response

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11
Q

Acquisition

A

Associating a neutral stimulus with a natural stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to cause a conditioned response

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12
Q

Extinction

A

Diminishing of a conditioned response when a natural response doesn’t follow a conditioned response

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13
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Reappearance, after a period of time, of an extinguished learned response

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14
Q

Generalization

A

Tendency, once a response has been learned, for similar stimuli to cause a similar response

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15
Q

Discrimination

A

Learned ability to distinguish between a learned stimulus and stimuli ha don’t signal a natural response

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16
Q

Expectancy

A

Awareness of how likely it is that the natural response will occur

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17
Q

Respondent behavior

A

Occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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18
Q

Operant behavior

A

Operates on the environment, producing consequences

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19
Q

Law of effect

A

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and vice versa

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20
Q

Operant chamber (Skinner box)

A

Chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food reinforcer

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21
Q

Shaping

A

Procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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22
Q

Successive approximations

A

Rewards responses that are ever-closer to the final desired behavior and ignore all other responses

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23
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

Signals that a response will be reinforced

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24
Q

Reinforcer

A

Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

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25
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Increasing behaviors by presenting a positive stimuli

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26
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli

Takes a way an unwanted stimulus

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27
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

Innately reinforcing stimulus (such as one that satisfies a biological need)

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28
Q

Conditioned reinforcers (secondary reinforcers)

A

Stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

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29
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

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30
Q

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

A

Reinforcing a response only part of the time

Results in slower acquisition but creates resistance to extrinction

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31
Q

Fixed-ratio schedule

A

Reinforcement schedule that reinforcers a response only after a specified number of responses

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32
Q

Variable-ratio schedule

A

Reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

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33
Q

Fixed-interval schedule

A

Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

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34
Q

Variable-interval schedule

A

Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

35
Q

Punishment

A

An event that decreases the behavior that it follows

36
Q

Cognitive map

A

Mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

37
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

38
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

39
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

Desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

40
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning by observing others

No shit.

41
Q

Modeling

A

Process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

42
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so

43
Q

Prosocial behavior

A

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior

44
Q

Memory

A

Persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

45
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

Clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

46
Q

Encoding

A

Processing of information into the memory system

47
Q

Storage

A

Retention of encoded information over time

48
Q

Retrieval

A

Process of getting information out of memory storage

49
Q

Sensory memory

A

Immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

50
Q

Short-term memory

A

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly (a few seconds)

51
Q

Long-term memory

A

Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; knowledge, skills, and experiences

52
Q

Working memory

A

Newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial info, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

53
Q

Rehearsal

A

Conscious repetition of info

54
Q

Spacing effect

A

Tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

55
Q

Serial position effect

A

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

56
Q

Visual encoding

A

Encoding of picture images

57
Q

Acoustic encoding

A

Encoding of sound

58
Q

Semantic encoding

A

Encoding of meaning

59
Q

Imagery

A

Mental pictures; powerful aid in effortful processing

60
Q

Rosy retrospection

A

Tendency to recall events more positively than they evaluated them at the time

61
Q

Mnemonics

A

Memory aids

62
Q

Chunking

A

(Often automatically) organizing items into familiar, manageable units

63
Q

Hierarchies

A

Hierarchies composed of a few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts

64
Q

Iconic memory

A

Momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

65
Q

Echoic memory

A

Momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

66
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

Increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation

67
Q

Amnesia

A

Loss of memory

68
Q

Implicit (procedural) memory

A

Retention independent of conscious recollection

69
Q

Explicit memory

A

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

70
Q

Hippocampus

A

Neural center that is located in he limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage

71
Q

Recall

A

Measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier

72
Q

Recognition

A

Measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned

73
Q

Relearning

A

Memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

74
Q

Proactive (forward-acting) interference

A

Disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info

75
Q

Retroactive (backward-acting) interference

A

Disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of new info

76
Q

Repression

A

Basic defense mechanism that banishes consciousness from anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

77
Q

Misinformation effect

A

Incorporating misleading info into one’s memory of an event

78
Q

Source amnesia (misattribution)

A

Attributing to the wrong sources an event we have experienced, heard, read, or imagined

79
Q

Priming

A

Activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

80
Q

Mood-congruen

A

Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones’ current good or bad mood

81
Q

Absent-mindedness

A

Inattention to details produces encoding failure

82
Q

Transience

A

Storage decay over time

83
Q

Blocking

A

Inaccessibility of stored info

84
Q

Suggestibility

A

Lingering effects of misinformation

85
Q

Bias

A

Belief-colored recollections

86
Q

Persistence

A

Unwanted memories

AP PSYCH (2 decks)

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