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AP PSYCH > Ch. 8 and 9: Learning And Memory > Flashcards

Ch. 8 and 9: Learning And Memory Flashcards

0
Q

Learning

A

Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

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1
Q

Adaptability

A

Capacity to learn new behaviors so we can change with our circumstance

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2
Q

Associative learning

A

Learning that events occur together

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3
Q

Conditioning

A

Learning associations

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4
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Association of 2 stimuli to anticipate something

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5
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Association of our behavior with someone/something else’s response to it

Seeks positive results or the removal of negative ones

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6
Q

Behaviorism

A

View that psych

  1. Should be an objective science that
  2. Studies behavior w/o reference to mental processes

Most agree with 1 but not 2

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7
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Natural response to unconditioned stimulus (salivation when food is in the mouth)

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8
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Stimulus that naturally triggers a response

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9
Q

Conditioned response

A

Learned response to a previously natural stimulus

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10
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Originally irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioner response

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11
Q

Acquisition

A

Associating a neutral stimulus with a natural stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to cause a conditioned response

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12
Q

Extinction

A

Diminishing of a conditioned response when a natural response doesn’t follow a conditioned response

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13
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Reappearance, after a period of time, of an extinguished learned response

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14
Q

Generalization

A

Tendency, once a response has been learned, for similar stimuli to cause a similar response

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15
Q

Discrimination

A

Learned ability to distinguish between a learned stimulus and stimuli ha don’t signal a natural response

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16
Q

Expectancy

A

Awareness of how likely it is that the natural response will occur

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17
Q

Respondent behavior

A

Occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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18
Q

Operant behavior

A

Operates on the environment, producing consequences

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19
Q

Law of effect

A

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and vice versa

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20
Q

Operant chamber (Skinner box)

A

Chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food reinforcer

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21
Q

Shaping

A

Procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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22
Q

Successive approximations

A

Rewards responses that are ever-closer to the final desired behavior and ignore all other responses

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23
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

Signals that a response will be reinforced

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24
Reinforcer
Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
25
Positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting a positive stimuli
26
Negative reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli Takes a way an unwanted stimulus
27
Primary reinforcer
Innately reinforcing stimulus (such as one that satisfies a biological need)
28
Conditioned reinforcers (secondary reinforcers)
Stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
29
Continuous reinforcement
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
30
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
Reinforcing a response only part of the time Results in slower acquisition but creates resistance to extrinction
31
Fixed-ratio schedule
Reinforcement schedule that reinforcers a response only after a specified number of responses
32
Variable-ratio schedule
Reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
33
Fixed-interval schedule
Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
34
Variable-interval schedule
Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
35
Punishment
An event that decreases the behavior that it follows
36
Cognitive map
Mental representation of the layout of one's environment
37
Latent learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
38
Intrinsic motivation
Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
39
Extrinsic motivation
Desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment
40
Observational learning
Learning by observing others No shit.
41
Modeling
Process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
42
Mirror neurons
Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so
43
Prosocial behavior
Positive, constructive, helpful behavior
44
Memory
Persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
45
Flashbulb memory
Clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
46
Encoding
Processing of information into the memory system
47
Storage
Retention of encoded information over time
48
Retrieval
Process of getting information out of memory storage
49
Sensory memory
Immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
50
Short-term memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly (a few seconds)
51
Long-term memory
Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; knowledge, skills, and experiences
52
Working memory
Newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial info, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
53
Rehearsal
Conscious repetition of info
54
Spacing effect
Tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
55
Serial position effect
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
56
Visual encoding
Encoding of picture images
57
Acoustic encoding
Encoding of sound
58
Semantic encoding
Encoding of meaning
59
Imagery
Mental pictures; powerful aid in effortful processing
60
Rosy retrospection
Tendency to recall events more positively than they evaluated them at the time
61
Mnemonics
Memory aids
62
Chunking
(Often automatically) organizing items into familiar, manageable units
63
Hierarchies
Hierarchies composed of a few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts
64
Iconic memory
Momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
65
Echoic memory
Momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
66
Long-term potentiation
Increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation
67
Amnesia
Loss of memory
68
Implicit (procedural) memory
Retention independent of conscious recollection
69
Explicit memory
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
70
Hippocampus
Neural center that is located in he limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage
71
Recall
Measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier
72
Recognition
Measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned
73
Relearning
Memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
74
Proactive (forward-acting) interference
Disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info
75
Retroactive (backward-acting) interference
Disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of new info
76
Repression
Basic defense mechanism that banishes consciousness from anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
77
Misinformation effect
Incorporating misleading info into one's memory of an event
78
Source amnesia (misattribution)
Attributing to the wrong sources an event we have experienced, heard, read, or imagined
79
Priming
Activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
80
Mood-congruen
Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones' current good or bad mood
81
Absent-mindedness
Inattention to details produces encoding failure
82
Transience
Storage decay over time
83
Blocking
Inaccessibility of stored info
84
Suggestibility
Lingering effects of misinformation
85
Bias
Belief-colored recollections
86
Persistence
Unwanted memories

AP PSYCH (2 decks)

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