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AP Psychology > Chapter 2: Neuroscience > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Neuroscience Flashcards

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1
Q

Phrenology

A

Franz Gall, used “bumps” on an individual’s brain to determine their personality.

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2
Q

Biological Psychology

A

Branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior.

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3
Q

Neuron

A

A nerve cell that consists of many different parts.

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4
Q

Dendrite

A

Bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.

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5
Q

Axon

A

Sends messages form cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

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6
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Covers some axons, speeds up neural impulses.

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7
Q

Action potential

A

A neural impulse: electrical charge that travels down the axon.

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8
Q

Neurogical Threshold

A

Level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.

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9
Q

Neurogical Refractory Period

A

Recharge time between action potentials.

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10
Q

Synapse / Cleft

A

Space between axon of sending neuron and dendrite of receiving neuron.

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11
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons.

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12
Q

Acetylcholine (a.k.a. Ach)

A

Enables muscle action, learning, and memory.

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13
Q

Dopamine

A

Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion.

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14
Q

Serotonin

A

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal.

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15
Q

Endorphins

A

Natural opiates released to respond to pain and vigorous exercise.

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16
Q

Nervous System

A

Body’s speedy electrochemical information network.

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17
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord.

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18
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Links central nervous system with the peripherals of the body.

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19
Q

Nerves

A

Cables of neurons.

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20
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the Central Nervous System.

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21
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Neurons that send information from the Central Nervous System to glands and muscles.

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22
Q

Interneurons

A

Connect sensory and motor neurons.

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23
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Voluntary control of our muscles.

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24
Q

Automatic Nervous System

A

Controls glands and muscles of internal organs.

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25
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

The “HERE WE GO” system.

26
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

The relaxation system.

27
Q

Reflex

A

Automatic responses to stimuli.

28
Q

Lesions

A

Tissue destruction/cuts.

29
Q

Neural Networks

A

Neurons that work together to specialize in something.

30
Q

Endocrine System

A

Slow, chemical communication system that releases hormones into the bloodstream.

31
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Releases epinephrine and nor-epinephrine.

32
Q

Pituitary Glands

A

Controlled by the hypothalamus, controls growth and other endocrine glands.

33
Q

Electroencephalogram

A

Known as an EEG, takes an amplified reading of electrical activity in the brain.

34
Q

Positron Emission Tomography Scan

A

Known as a PET scan, shows brain activity via glucose levels.

35
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A

Known as an MRI, aligns spinning atoms in the brain to get a reading.

36
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A

Known as a fMRI, similar functions to the MRI, but with blood flow.

37
Q

Brainstem

A

Oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells.

38
Q

Medulla

A

Controls heartbeat and breathing.

39
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Nerve network controlling sleep arousal.

40
Q

Thalamus

A

The “Sensory Switchboard”, receives sense information about everything except smell.

41
Q

Hippocampus

A

Memory processing.

42
Q

Pons

A

Bridge between the cerebrum and cerebellum.

43
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates voluntary movements and balance.

44
Q

Limbic System

A

Emotional and motivational links, “Border of the Brain.”

45
Q

Amygdala

A

Influences aggression and fear.

46
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulates blood chemistry, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior. Also diverts maintenance functions.

47
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Body’s ultimate control and informational processing center. Covers Cerebral hemispheres.

48
Q

Glial Cells

A

Protects, supports, and nourishes neurons.

49
Q

Frontal Lobes

A

Responsible for speaking, planning, and judgements.

50
Q

Occipital Lobes

A

Responsible for sight.

51
Q

Parietal Lobes

A

Responsible for sensory input and body position.

52
Q

Temporal Lobes

A

Responsible for auditory input.

53
Q

Motor Cortex

A

Located behind the frontal lobe, controls voluntary movement.

54
Q

Sensory Cortex

A

Located in front of the parietal lobes, controls body touch and movement sensations.

55
Q

Association Areas

A

“Unused Areas” that store associative messages.

56
Q

Phineus Gage

A

oops

57
Q

Aphasia

A

Impaired use of language.

58
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Problems with language expression.

59
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Problems with language reception.

60
Q

Plasticity

A

Brain’s ability to modify and adapt to damage.

61
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Connection between the two hemispheres.

62
Q

Split Brain

A

Researched by Sperry, creating a lesion through the Corpus Callosum.

AP Psychology (4 decks)

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