chapter 2: neuropathology of aphasia

Question 1

classical/ traditional view of neuropathology of aphasia

Answer 1

discrete areas of the brain within the zone of language perform different functions and are connected to form a network resulting in comprehension and production

Question 2

Supported by direct observation and indirect observation of the brain

Answer 2

classical/ traditional view of neuropathology of aphasia

Question 3

opposing view of neuropathology of aphasia

Answer 3

Language is supported by an intensely interactive set of neural networks widely disrupted throughout the brain and that aphasia is the consequence of disruption within this set of networks; no language areas

Question 4

Justified by different brains light up differently in scanners when challenged with language tests; lesions in different parts of the brain may result in similar clinical syndromes

Answer 4

opposing view of neuropathology of aphasia

Question 5

T/F: The characteristics of aphasia in any individual are dynamic and typically evolve over time; thus, a specific person’s needs depend on current deficits, and not necessarily on the anatomic locus of the lesion

Answer 5

True

Question 6

T/F: Cerebral Dominance: one hemisphere contains the neural structures responsible for language and the other hemisphere does not contribute to language

Answer 6

False

Question 7

T/F: Dominant hemisphere contains more of whatever is important for language and the other hemisphere contains less

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Both hemispheres contribute in ______ degrees with different components of language function

Answer 8

varying

Question 9

__% of right-handers have left-hemispheric dominance for language

Answer 9

95

Question 10

__% of left-handers may have left-hemispheric dominance for language and __% may have bilateral dominance

Answer 10

70; 30

Question 11

The right hemisphere contributes to many of the ______, _____, and ____ aspects of language in right-handers

Answer 11

prosodic, rhythmic, and pragmatic

Question 12

T/F: The right hemisphere contributes to many of the prosodic, rhythmic, and pragmatic aspects of language

Answer 12

true

Question 13

__% of aphasia syndromes conform roughly to the anatomo-clinical scheme; __% may be explained by individual difference in brain structure and other factors

Answer 13

80; 20

Question 14

lesion location: lateral frontal, suprasylvian pre-Rolandic, extending into adjacent subcortical periventricular white matter

Answer 14

Broca’s aphasia

Question 15

lesion location: Posterior third of superior temporal gyrus

Answer 15

Wernicke’s aphasia

Question 16

lesion location: Supramarginal gyrus and underlying white-matter pathways (arcuate fasciculus); Wernicke’s area; left insula and auditory cortex

Answer 16

Conduction aphasia

Question 17

lesion location: Angular gyrus; second temporal gyrus

Answer 17

Anomic aphasia

Question 18

lesion location: Anterior frontal paramedian; anterior and superior to Broca’s area

Answer 18

Transcortical motor aphasia

Question 19

lesion location: Posterior parieto-temporal, sparing Wernicke’s area

Answer 19

Transcortical sensory aphasia

Question 20

lesion location: Large perisylvian, extending deep into sub adjacent white matter

Answer 20

Global aphasia

Question 21

lesion location: Thalamus

Head of caudate nucleus, putamen, and/or internal capsule

Answer 21

subcortical aphasia

Question 22

A lesion in this area would be in the territory of the superior division of the middle cerebral artery and often extends posteriorly to include the parietal lobe

Answer 22

Broca’s aphasia

Question 23

produces mild dysprosody and mild agraphia with occasional word-finding and mild dysarthria

Answer 23

lesions in Broca’s area

Question 24

do lesions in Broca’s area cause Broca’s aphasia

Answer 24

no

Question 25

Lesions created through the distribution of the inferior division of the middle cerebral artery

Answer 25

Wernicke's aphasia

Question 26

which aphasia has at least two forms? and what are they?

Answer 26

Wernicke's aphasia; 1) primarily temporal lesion & 2) extension of the lesion posteriorly

Question 27

Wernicke's Aphasia: primarily temporal lesion causes...

Answer 27

producing word-deaf variant in which reading may be relatively less affected

Question 28

Wernicke's Aphasia: extension of the lesion posteriorly...

Answer 28

visual connections will be disrupted; the patient will have more difficulty to understanding written language and language in context (less difficulty with isolated words)

Question 29

afferent and efferent types of lesions occur in which aphasia?

Answer 29

conduction

Question 30

Afferent

Answer 30

temporal lesions; repetition impaired because of defective memory

Question 31

Efferent

Answer 31

parietal or insular lesions; result of problems with phonemic representation

Question 32

T/F: any lesion in or near the zone of language can produce anomia. Virtually every aphasia has an anomic component

Answer 32

true

Question 33

lesions in the angular gyrus produce what kind of aphasia

Answer 33

anomic

Question 34

T/F: Other common forms of aphasia often evolve to a syndrome of primarily anomic aphasia in the process of recovery and these may present with widely varying lesion location

Answer 34

true

Question 35

Anteriorly located lesion that interrupts the link between the supplementary motor cortex and Broca's area but that spares Broca's area causes what kind of Aphasia

Answer 35

Transcortical Motor

Question 36

can lesions in transcortical motor aphasia be in more than one place?

Answer 36

yes

Question 37

what are the possible locations of transcortical motor aphasia lesions

Answer 37

supplementary motor cortex, white-matter pathways, left frontal lobe

Question 38

what are transcortical motor aphasia lesions caused by

Answer 38

disruption of blood flow either in the anterior cerebral artery or in the anterior-most penetrating branches of the middle cerebral artery

Question 39

a common cause of transcortical motor aphasia

Answer 39

the infarction in the border-zone territory between the anterior and middle cerebral arteries

Question 40

bilateral lesions occur in which aphasia

Answer 40

transcortical sensory

Question 41

One of the forms of aphasia seen in Alzheimer's disease, a disease with bilateral posterior association cortex neuropathology

Answer 41

transcortical sensory

Question 42

Implication of severe language deficits across all language modalities

Answer 42

global aphasia

Question 43

have precise clinicopathological correlates have not been defined yet for the subcortical aphasias

Answer 43

no

Question 44

what is prominent in all forms of subcortical aphasia

Answer 44

preservation of repetition and disorders of attention

Question 45

are disorders of oral language vs disorders of written language present in aphasia

Answer 45

yes!

Question 46

Only written language effected

Answer 46

vascular in cause; lesion is usually in the distribution of the posterior cerebral artery

Question 47

Exclusively oral effected

Answer 47

lesion is usually in the distribution of the middle cerebral artery

Question 48

Both oral and written aspects of language effected

Answer 48

lesion in the distribution of the internal carotid artery

Question 49

does the current theory in aphasia accept the notion of a one-to-one correspondence between specific linguistic structural elements and focal segments of the brain

Answer 49

no

Question 50

A comprehensive neurological theory of language must take into account

Answer 50

evidence that most parts of the brain are engaged in the language act

Question 51

In patients with aphasia, neuroimaging studies have tended to support the _______` view

Answer 51

classical

Question 52

centers of language

Answer 52

represent critical crossroads for processing selected elements of language

Question 53

a focal lesion in _____ could produce a predictable aphasic deficit

Answer 53

center of language

Question 54

An integrative view of neurology of language

Answer 54

enhances our understanding of the phenomena of recovery from aphasia; lends itself to the development of theoretically motivated, brain-based approaches to aphasia therapy