chapter 1: neuroanatomy of language

Question 1

what kind of lesions/ location of lesions typically produce characteristics consistent with clinical syndromes of aphasia

Answer 1

focal/ in or near the left hemisphere

Question 2

building block of nervous system: typically comprise a cell body, dendrites, and an axon

Answer 2

nerve cell/neuron

Question 3

short nerve fibers that branch profusely and transmit signals toward the cell body

Answer 3

Dendrites

Question 4

single long nerve fiber arising from the cell body that propagates impulses away

Answer 4

Axon

Question 5

coating of the axons that improve signaling

Answer 5

Myelin

Question 6

the connection point of two neurons

Answer 6

Synapse

Question 7

the transfer of electrochemical impulses from one neuron to another

Answer 7

Neural Transmission

Question 8

chemical substances (dopamine and acetylcholine)

Answer 8

neurotransmitters

Question 9

cluster of nerve cell bodies located within the CNS

Answer 9

nucleus

Question 10

cluster of nerve cell bodies located within the PNS

Answer 10

ganglion

Question 11

cluster of nerve fibers within the brain or spinal cord that has a common origin and common final end point

Answer 11

tract/column/commissure/fasciculus/pathway

Question 12

regions of the brain or spinal cord containing clusters of nerve cell bodies

Answer 12

gray matter

Question 13

regions of the brain or spinal cord that appear with clusters of nerve fibers that appear white due to myelin sheath

Answer 13

white matter

Question 14

the other type of cells in the nervous system; astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

Answer 14

glial cells

Question 15

PNS parts

Answer 15

cranial and spinal nerves

Question 16

nerves relay ___________ (sensory) information centrally toward the spinal cord or brain and can cause ________________ (motor) responses by carrying impulses away from the brain toward the muscles of the body

Answer 16

afferent; efferent

Question 17

CNS parts

Answer 17

brain and spinal cord

Question 18

what travels through the vertebral column, carrying neural impulses from the periphery to the brain for further analysis and from the brain to the periphery to produce responses

Answer 18

the spinal cord

Question 19

how many pairs of spinal nerves? division of types?

Answer 19

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

Question 20

what should be kept in mind when interpreting a clinical examination of a patient

Answer 20

the degree of motor response can be altered by the CNS

Question 21

how many segments of the brain stem? what order?

Answer 21

midbrain, pons, medulla

Question 22

what holds the cranial nerve nuclei for eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and hearing

Answer 22

midbrain and pons

Question 23

what part of the brainstem in responsible for containing nuclei for the cranial nerves responsible for movement of the tongue, oropharynx, larynx, and diaphragm

Answer 23

medulla

Question 24

what lies behind the brain stem and is composed of surface layer of gray matter and an inner core of white matter and cerebellar nuclei?

Answer 24

cerebellum

Question 25

what is the dividing line between the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

Answer 25

vermis

Question 26

the cerebellum is responsible for integrating or coordinating muscle groups throughout the body to help maintain _________ and ___________

Answer 26

rhythm; balance

Question 27

what has been increasingly recognized as important to various cognitive functions because of the interconnectivity with other regions of the brain

Answer 27

cerebellum

Question 28

what serves as a variety of sensory, motor, and integrative functions

Answer 28

subcortical gray matter

Question 29

what are the structures of the subcortical gray matter

Answer 29

diencephalon and basal ganglia

Question 30

primarily the thalamus and hypothalamus and their connections

Answer 30

diencephalon

Question 31

primarily the striatum, globus pallidus, and subthalamic nucleus

Answer 31

basal ganglia

Question 32

caudate nucleus and putamen belong to what

Answer 32

striatum

Question 33

what major subcortical structure is responsible for sensory transmission and sensory integration

Answer 33

thalamus

Question 34

the thalamus plays an important role in relaying information connecting ________ to the __________

Answer 34

peripheral information; cortex

Question 35

this structure plays an important role in consciousness, attention, and memory

Answer 35

thalamus

Question 36

what are thalamo-cortico-thalamic connections

Answer 36

the reticular activating system and thalamus create connections to the cortex

Question 37

damage of the thalamus results in....

Answer 37

reduced attention, confusion, and coma

Question 38

what are thalamic lesions often linked to

Answer 38

fluctuating attention and problems with verbal memory

Question 39

what system controls the voluntary movements in the body

Answer 39

pyramidal

Question 40

what system controls smoothness of movements in the body and is responsible for the execution of action selection

Answer 40

extrapyramidal

Question 41

damage to the pyramidal and extrapyramidal system can cause....

Answer 41

abnormalities of motor control (ex: bradykinesia)

Question 42

what are selected groups of nerve cell bodies together with their interconnecting nerve fiber pathways

Answer 42

neural networks

Question 43

lesions within a single neural network may interfere with ______________ and produce _________

Answer 43

cognitive function; neurobehavioral syndromes

Question 44

white matter pathways

Answer 44

corpus callosum, the cortico-cortical association fibers, and cortico-subcortical connections

Question 45

a band of thick broad white matter that joins the hemispheres of the cerebrum

Answer 45

corpus callosum

Question 46

three segments of the corpus callosum

Answer 46

genu, rostrum, splenium

Question 47

what links corresponding region of the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

Answer 47

corpus callosum

Question 48

damage to the corpus callosum may cause....

Answer 48

the appearance of abnormalities of cognitive function

Question 49

what is the outermost part of the brain

Answer 49

cortex

Question 50

ridges in the brain

Answer 50

gyri

Question 51

furrows in the brain

Answer 51

sulci

Question 52

grooves that divide the brain into four sections

Answer 52

fissures

Question 53

large furrow beginning at the base of the brain and extending laterally upward

Answer 53

lateral/ sylvian fissure

Question 54

furrow that runs downward and forward from the top of the brain (just past its midpoint) and almost to the sylvian fissure

Answer 54

fissure of rolando/ central sulcus

Question 55

primary function of the frontal lobe

Answer 55

voluntary control of movement throughout the body

Question 56

another name for the motor strip

Answer 56

primary motor cortex

Question 57

another name for the sensory strip

Answer 57

sensory motor cortex

Question 58

motor strip+ sensory strip

Answer 58

sensorimotor cortex

Question 59

what works to control willed movements on the side of the body opposite the hemisphere in question

Answer 59

sensorimotor cortex

Question 60

what does the motor strip do

Answer 60

sends neural impulses to the pyramidal system

Question 61

what does the extrapyramidal system do

Answer 61

modulate and modify voluntary motor movement

Question 62

lesions where can provoke speech or language disorders

Answer 62

pyramidal or extrapyramidal

Question 63

what is partially responsible for initiation of motor activity

Answer 63

supplementary motor cortex

Question 64

the ability to initiate spontaneous utterances is impaired by what

Answer 64

lesions in the supplementary motor cortex of the white-matter pathways descending to subcortical motor structures

Question 65

what is thought to be responsible for synthesizing sensory stimuli from many areas of the brain and coordinating them with plans for action

Answer 65

frontal premotor association cortex

Question 66

damage to which portion of the brain may cause behavioral and personality changes (including what?)

Answer 66

frontal lobe (impaired judgement, poor strategic planning, and impaired insight)

Question 67

what is the fundamental function of the parietal lobe

Answer 67

perception and elaboration of somesthethic sensations

Question 68

what are somesthetic sensations

Answer 68

bodily awareness sensations: touch, pressure, and position in space

Question 69

where are somesthetic sensations organized

Answer 69

the hemisphere opposite the side of the body involved by the postcentral gyrus

Question 70

sensations are analyzed, elaborated, and connected with multiple stimuli arriving from other parts of the brain where

Answer 70

sensory association regions

Question 71

damage to the parietal lobe causes....

Answer 71

loss of sensation of touch, asomatognosia, difficulty with spatial concepts

Question 72

asomatognosia

Answer 72

impaired recognition of one's own body

Question 73

what is the fundamental function of the temporal lobe

Answer 73

auditory signal analysis and hearing

Question 74

nerve fibers travel from the cranial aud nerve through the brainstem to where

Answer 74

thalamus and then aud cortx in the temporal lobe and then aud association area

Question 75

location of auditory association area

Answer 75

posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus in the left hemisphere

Question 76

the point to which analysis of information takes place by means of the cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical associations

Answer 76

point of comprehension `

Question 77

damage to temporal lobe causes...

Answer 77

results in anterograde amnesia or difficulty forming new memories

Question 78

primary function of occipital lobe

Answer 78

vision

Question 79

what is a complex network of cortical and subcortical structures that mediate emotions

Answer 79

limbic system

Question 80

what contributes to the endocrinological and autonomic monitoring and response of the limbic system

Answer 80

major elements

Question 81

uncus

Answer 81

portion of the olfactory system

Question 82

fornix

Answer 82

major association pathway

Question 83

mammillary bodies (location)

Answer 83

thalamic regions

Question 84

cingulate tract (location)

Answer 84

lies over the corpus callosum

Question 85

things meditated by the limbic system

Answer 85

memories, feelings, and the desire to produce language + emotional coloring of thought

Question 86

T/F: anatomical systems necessary for cognitive functions are all intimately linked to the limbic system

Answer 86

true

Question 87

aphasia therapy programs have been developed that exploit ____________ or _______________

Answer 87

affective or limbic aspects of language

Question 88

what is the zone of language

Answer 88

region of the left hemisphere responsible for language

Question 89

what does the zone of language include

Answer 89

angular gyrus broca's area wernicke's area arcuate fasciculus supramarginal gyrus

Question 90

what is a major intersection of overlapping neural networks whose total combined activity has the effect of producing language

Answer 90

zone of language