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aphasia > chapter 1: neuroanatomy of language > Flashcards

chapter 1: neuroanatomy of language Flashcards

1
Q

what kind of lesions/ location of lesions typically produce characteristics consistent with clinical syndromes of aphasia

A

focal/ in or near the left hemisphere

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2
Q

building block of nervous system: typically comprise a cell body, dendrites, and an axon

A

nerve cell/neuron

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3
Q

short nerve fibers that branch profusely and transmit signals toward the cell body

A

Dendrites

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4
Q

single long nerve fiber arising from the cell body that propagates impulses away

A

Axon

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5
Q

coating of the axons that improve signaling

A

Myelin

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6
Q

the connection point of two neurons

A

Synapse

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7
Q

the transfer of electrochemical impulses from one neuron to another

A

Neural Transmission

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8
Q

chemical substances (dopamine and acetylcholine)

A

neurotransmitters

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9
Q

cluster of nerve cell bodies located within the CNS

A

nucleus

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10
Q

cluster of nerve cell bodies located within the PNS

A

ganglion

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11
Q

cluster of nerve fibers within the brain or spinal cord that has a common origin and common final end point

A

tract/column/commissure/fasciculus/pathway

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12
Q

regions of the brain or spinal cord containing clusters of nerve cell bodies

A

gray matter

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13
Q

regions of the brain or spinal cord that appear with clusters of nerve fibers that appear white due to myelin sheath

A

white matter

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14
Q

the other type of cells in the nervous system; astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

A

glial cells

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15
Q

PNS parts

A

cranial and spinal nerves

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16
Q

nerves relay ___________ (sensory) information centrally toward the spinal cord or brain and can cause ________________ (motor) responses by carrying impulses away from the brain toward the muscles of the body

A

afferent; efferent

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17
Q

CNS parts

A

brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

what travels through the vertebral column, carrying neural impulses from the periphery to the brain for further analysis and from the brain to the periphery to produce responses

A

the spinal cord

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19
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves? division of types?

A

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

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20
Q

what should be kept in mind when interpreting a clinical examination of a patient

A

the degree of motor response can be altered by the CNS

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21
Q

how many segments of the brain stem? what order?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

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22
Q

what holds the cranial nerve nuclei for eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and hearing

A

midbrain and pons

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23
Q

what part of the brainstem in responsible for containing nuclei for the cranial nerves responsible for movement of the tongue, oropharynx, larynx, and diaphragm

A

medulla

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24
Q

what lies behind the brain stem and is composed of surface layer of gray matter and an inner core of white matter and cerebellar nuclei?

A

cerebellum

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25
Q

what is the dividing line between the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

A

vermis

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26
Q

the cerebellum is responsible for integrating or coordinating muscle groups throughout the body to help maintain _________ and ___________

A

rhythm; balance

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27
Q

what has been increasingly recognized as important to various cognitive functions because of the interconnectivity with other regions of the brain

A

cerebellum

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28
Q

what serves as a variety of sensory, motor, and integrative functions

A

subcortical gray matter

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29
Q

what are the structures of the subcortical gray matter

A

diencephalon and basal ganglia

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30
Q

primarily the thalamus and hypothalamus and their connections

A

diencephalon

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31
Q

primarily the striatum, globus pallidus, and subthalamic nucleus

A

basal ganglia

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32
Q

caudate nucleus and putamen belong to what

A

striatum

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33
Q

what major subcortical structure is responsible for sensory transmission and sensory integration

A

thalamus

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34
Q

the thalamus plays an important role in relaying information connecting ________ to the __________

A

peripheral information; cortex

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35
Q

this structure plays an important role in consciousness, attention, and memory

A

thalamus

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36
Q

what are thalamo-cortico-thalamic connections

A

the reticular activating system and thalamus create connections to the cortex

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37
Q

damage of the thalamus results in….

A

reduced attention, confusion, and coma

38
Q

what are thalamic lesions often linked to

A

fluctuating attention and problems with verbal memory

39
Q

what system controls the voluntary movements in the body

A

pyramidal

40
Q

what system controls smoothness of movements in the body and is responsible for the execution of action selection

A

extrapyramidal

41
Q

damage to the pyramidal and extrapyramidal system can cause….

A

abnormalities of motor control (ex: bradykinesia)

42
Q

what are selected groups of nerve cell bodies together with their interconnecting nerve fiber pathways

A

neural networks

43
Q

lesions within a single neural network may interfere with ______________ and produce _________

A

cognitive function; neurobehavioral syndromes

44
Q

white matter pathways

A

corpus callosum, the cortico-cortical association fibers, and cortico-subcortical connections

45
Q

a band of thick broad white matter that joins the hemispheres of the cerebrum

A

corpus callosum

46
Q

three segments of the corpus callosum

A

genu, rostrum, splenium

47
Q

what links corresponding region of the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

A

corpus callosum

48
Q

damage to the corpus callosum may cause….

A

the appearance of abnormalities of cognitive function

49
Q

what is the outermost part of the brain

A

cortex

50
Q

ridges in the brain

A

gyri

51
Q

furrows in the brain

A

sulci

52
Q

grooves that divide the brain into four sections

A

fissures

53
Q

large furrow beginning at the base of the brain and extending laterally upward

A

lateral/ sylvian fissure

54
Q

furrow that runs downward and forward from the top of the brain (just past its midpoint) and almost to the sylvian fissure

A

fissure of rolando/ central sulcus

55
Q

primary function of the frontal lobe

A

voluntary control of movement throughout the body

56
Q

another name for the motor strip

A

primary motor cortex

57
Q

another name for the sensory strip

A

sensory motor cortex

58
Q

motor strip+ sensory strip

A

sensorimotor cortex

59
Q

what works to control willed movements on the side of the body opposite the hemisphere in question

A

sensorimotor cortex

60
Q

what does the motor strip do

A

sends neural impulses to the pyramidal system

61
Q

what does the extrapyramidal system do

A

modulate and modify voluntary motor movement

62
Q

lesions where can provoke speech or language disorders

A

pyramidal or extrapyramidal

63
Q

what is partially responsible for initiation of motor activity

A

supplementary motor cortex

64
Q

the ability to initiate spontaneous utterances is impaired by what

A

lesions in the supplementary motor cortex of the white-matter pathways descending to subcortical motor structures

65
Q

what is thought to be responsible for synthesizing sensory stimuli from many areas of the brain and coordinating them with plans for action

A

frontal premotor association cortex

66
Q

damage to which portion of the brain may cause behavioral and personality changes (including what?)

A

frontal lobe (impaired judgement, poor strategic planning, and impaired insight)

67
Q

what is the fundamental function of the parietal lobe

A

perception and elaboration of somesthethic sensations

68
Q

what are somesthetic sensations

A

bodily awareness sensations: touch, pressure, and position in space

69
Q

where are somesthetic sensations organized

A

the hemisphere opposite the side of the body involved by the postcentral gyrus

70
Q

sensations are analyzed, elaborated, and connected with multiple stimuli arriving from other parts of the brain where

A

sensory association regions

71
Q

damage to the parietal lobe causes….

A

loss of sensation of touch, asomatognosia, difficulty with spatial concepts

72
Q

asomatognosia

A

impaired recognition of one’s own body

73
Q

what is the fundamental function of the temporal lobe

A

auditory signal analysis and hearing

74
Q

nerve fibers travel from the cranial aud nerve through the brainstem to where

A

thalamus and then aud cortx in the temporal lobe and then aud association area

75
Q

location of auditory association area

A

posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus in the left hemisphere

76
Q

the point to which analysis of information takes place by means of the cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical associations

A

point of comprehension `

77
Q

damage to temporal lobe causes…

A

results in anterograde amnesia or difficulty forming new memories

78
Q

primary function of occipital lobe

A

vision

79
Q

what is a complex network of cortical and subcortical structures that mediate emotions

A

limbic system

80
Q

what contributes to the endocrinological and autonomic monitoring and response of the limbic system

A

major elements

81
Q

uncus

A

portion of the olfactory system

82
Q

fornix

A

major association pathway

83
Q

mammillary bodies (location)

A

thalamic regions

84
Q

cingulate tract (location)

A

lies over the corpus callosum

85
Q

things meditated by the limbic system

A

memories, feelings, and the desire to produce language + emotional coloring of thought

86
Q

T/F: anatomical systems necessary for cognitive functions are all intimately linked to the limbic system

A

true

87
Q

aphasia therapy programs have been developed that exploit ____________ or _______________

A

affective or limbic aspects of language

88
Q

what is the zone of language

A

region of the left hemisphere responsible for language

89
Q

what does the zone of language include

A

angular gyrus
broca’s area
wernicke’s area
arcuate fasciculus
supramarginal gyrus

90
Q

what is a major intersection of overlapping neural networks whose total combined activity has the effect of producing language

A

zone of language

aphasia (2 decks)

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