chapter 1: neuroanatomy of language Flashcards
what kind of lesions/ location of lesions typically produce characteristics consistent with clinical syndromes of aphasia
focal/ in or near the left hemisphere
building block of nervous system: typically comprise a cell body, dendrites, and an axon
nerve cell/neuron
short nerve fibers that branch profusely and transmit signals toward the cell body
Dendrites
single long nerve fiber arising from the cell body that propagates impulses away
Axon
coating of the axons that improve signaling
Myelin
the connection point of two neurons
Synapse
the transfer of electrochemical impulses from one neuron to another
Neural Transmission
chemical substances (dopamine and acetylcholine)
neurotransmitters
cluster of nerve cell bodies located within the CNS
nucleus
cluster of nerve cell bodies located within the PNS
ganglion
cluster of nerve fibers within the brain or spinal cord that has a common origin and common final end point
tract/column/commissure/fasciculus/pathway
regions of the brain or spinal cord containing clusters of nerve cell bodies
gray matter
regions of the brain or spinal cord that appear with clusters of nerve fibers that appear white due to myelin sheath
white matter
the other type of cells in the nervous system; astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
glial cells
PNS parts
cranial and spinal nerves
nerves relay ___________ (sensory) information centrally toward the spinal cord or brain and can cause ________________ (motor) responses by carrying impulses away from the brain toward the muscles of the body
afferent; efferent
CNS parts
brain and spinal cord
what travels through the vertebral column, carrying neural impulses from the periphery to the brain for further analysis and from the brain to the periphery to produce responses
the spinal cord
how many pairs of spinal nerves? division of types?
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
what should be kept in mind when interpreting a clinical examination of a patient
the degree of motor response can be altered by the CNS
how many segments of the brain stem? what order?
midbrain, pons, medulla
what holds the cranial nerve nuclei for eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and hearing
midbrain and pons
what part of the brainstem in responsible for containing nuclei for the cranial nerves responsible for movement of the tongue, oropharynx, larynx, and diaphragm
medulla
what lies behind the brain stem and is composed of surface layer of gray matter and an inner core of white matter and cerebellar nuclei?
cerebellum
what is the dividing line between the two hemispheres of the cerebellum
vermis
the cerebellum is responsible for integrating or coordinating muscle groups throughout the body to help maintain _________ and ___________
rhythm; balance
what has been increasingly recognized as important to various cognitive functions because of the interconnectivity with other regions of the brain
cerebellum
what serves as a variety of sensory, motor, and integrative functions
subcortical gray matter
what are the structures of the subcortical gray matter
diencephalon and basal ganglia
primarily the thalamus and hypothalamus and their connections
diencephalon
primarily the striatum, globus pallidus, and subthalamic nucleus
basal ganglia
caudate nucleus and putamen belong to what
striatum
what major subcortical structure is responsible for sensory transmission and sensory integration
thalamus
the thalamus plays an important role in relaying information connecting ________ to the __________
peripheral information; cortex
this structure plays an important role in consciousness, attention, and memory
thalamus
what are thalamo-cortico-thalamic connections
the reticular activating system and thalamus create connections to the cortex
damage of the thalamus results in….
reduced attention, confusion, and coma
what are thalamic lesions often linked to
fluctuating attention and problems with verbal memory
what system controls the voluntary movements in the body
pyramidal
what system controls smoothness of movements in the body and is responsible for the execution of action selection
extrapyramidal
damage to the pyramidal and extrapyramidal system can cause….
abnormalities of motor control (ex: bradykinesia)
what are selected groups of nerve cell bodies together with their interconnecting nerve fiber pathways
neural networks
lesions within a single neural network may interfere with ______________ and produce _________
cognitive function; neurobehavioral syndromes
white matter pathways
corpus callosum, the cortico-cortical association fibers, and cortico-subcortical connections
a band of thick broad white matter that joins the hemispheres of the cerebrum
corpus callosum
three segments of the corpus callosum
genu, rostrum, splenium
what links corresponding region of the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
corpus callosum
damage to the corpus callosum may cause….
the appearance of abnormalities of cognitive function
what is the outermost part of the brain
cortex
ridges in the brain
gyri
furrows in the brain
sulci
grooves that divide the brain into four sections
fissures
large furrow beginning at the base of the brain and extending laterally upward
lateral/ sylvian fissure
furrow that runs downward and forward from the top of the brain (just past its midpoint) and almost to the sylvian fissure
fissure of rolando/ central sulcus
primary function of the frontal lobe
voluntary control of movement throughout the body
another name for the motor strip
primary motor cortex
another name for the sensory strip
sensory motor cortex
motor strip+ sensory strip
sensorimotor cortex
what works to control willed movements on the side of the body opposite the hemisphere in question
sensorimotor cortex
what does the motor strip do
sends neural impulses to the pyramidal system
what does the extrapyramidal system do
modulate and modify voluntary motor movement
lesions where can provoke speech or language disorders
pyramidal or extrapyramidal
what is partially responsible for initiation of motor activity
supplementary motor cortex
the ability to initiate spontaneous utterances is impaired by what
lesions in the supplementary motor cortex of the white-matter pathways descending to subcortical motor structures
what is thought to be responsible for synthesizing sensory stimuli from many areas of the brain and coordinating them with plans for action
frontal premotor association cortex
damage to which portion of the brain may cause behavioral and personality changes (including what?)
frontal lobe (impaired judgement, poor strategic planning, and impaired insight)
what is the fundamental function of the parietal lobe
perception and elaboration of somesthethic sensations
what are somesthetic sensations
bodily awareness sensations: touch, pressure, and position in space
where are somesthetic sensations organized
the hemisphere opposite the side of the body involved by the postcentral gyrus
sensations are analyzed, elaborated, and connected with multiple stimuli arriving from other parts of the brain where
sensory association regions
damage to the parietal lobe causes….
loss of sensation of touch, asomatognosia, difficulty with spatial concepts
asomatognosia
impaired recognition of one’s own body
what is the fundamental function of the temporal lobe
auditory signal analysis and hearing
nerve fibers travel from the cranial aud nerve through the brainstem to where
thalamus and then aud cortx in the temporal lobe and then aud association area
location of auditory association area
posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus in the left hemisphere
the point to which analysis of information takes place by means of the cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical associations
point of comprehension `
damage to temporal lobe causes…
results in anterograde amnesia or difficulty forming new memories
primary function of occipital lobe
vision
what is a complex network of cortical and subcortical structures that mediate emotions
limbic system
what contributes to the endocrinological and autonomic monitoring and response of the limbic system
major elements
uncus
portion of the olfactory system
fornix
major association pathway
mammillary bodies (location)
thalamic regions
cingulate tract (location)
lies over the corpus callosum
things meditated by the limbic system
memories, feelings, and the desire to produce language + emotional coloring of thought
T/F: anatomical systems necessary for cognitive functions are all intimately linked to the limbic system
true
aphasia therapy programs have been developed that exploit ____________ or _______________
affective or limbic aspects of language
what is the zone of language
region of the left hemisphere responsible for language
what does the zone of language include
angular gyrus
broca’s area
wernicke’s area
arcuate fasciculus
supramarginal gyrus
what is a major intersection of overlapping neural networks whose total combined activity has the effect of producing language
zone of language
