CHAPTER 2 | NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards
toward the back, surface of the back, or top of the head
DORSAL
toward the stomach, surface of the chest, or bottom of the head
VENTRAL
toward the rear or tail end
POSTERIOR
toward the front or nose end
ANTERIOR
below another part
INFERIOR
above another part
SUPERIOR
toward the side, away from the midline
LATERAL
toward the midline, away from the side
MEDIAL
opposite side of the body
CONTRALATERAL
close to the point of origin (CNS)
PROXIMAL (SUPERIOR)
more distant from the point of origin (CNS)
DISTAL (INFERIOR)
same side of the body
IPSILATERAL
plane that shows brain structure as seen from the front
CORONAL (FRONTAL) PLANE
plane that shows brain structures as seen from the side
SAGITTAL PLANE
plane that shows brain structure as seen from above
HORIZONTAL (TRANSVERSE) PLANE
row or layer of cell bodies separated from other cell bodies by a layer of axons and dendrites
LAMINA
set of axons within the CNS; fibers “project” from A onto B
TRACT (PROJECTION)
set of cells perpendicular to the surface of the cortex
COLUMN
protuberance on the surface of the brain
GYRUS (GYRI)
set of axons in the periphery; from CNS to muscle or gland or from sensory organ to CNS
NERVE
cluster of neuron cell bodies, usually within the sympathetic nervous system
GANGLION
cluster of neuron cell bodies within CNS
NUCLEUS
- central organ of the nervous
system - higher order thinking,
decision making, body’s
activities, emotions
BRAIN (CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM)
fold or groove that separates gyri
SULCUS (SULCI)
- long, fragile tube-like
structure at the end of the brain
stem to the bottom of the spine - framework of the body
- brain and nerves
- movement, sensations, bodily
functions - dorsal roots (i.e., dorsal root
ganglia): sensory information
and ventral roots: motor
information
SPINAL CORD (CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM)
interacts with the external
environment
- types of nerves
a. Afferent Nerves:
sensory signals from
external environment to
CNS
b. Efferent Nerves:
motor signals from CNS
to skeletal muscles
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
coordinates actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from the body
NERVOUS SYSTEM
long, deep sulcus
FISSURE
- thoracic and lumbar areas
- preganglionic neurons: acetylcholine;
postganglionic neurons: norepinephrine or
epinephrine
SYMPATHETIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM
regulates the body’s internal environment
- composed of afferent
(internal organs to
CNS) and efferent
(CNS to internal
organs) nerves
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
- craniosacral system
- cranial nerves and nerves from the sacral
spinal cord - preganglionic and postganglionic neurons:
acetylcholine
PARASYMPATHETIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM
sensory and motor functions
CRANIAL NERVES
smell
OLFACTORY NERVE
pupil constriction, accommodation, eye
movement (up, down, center), opening
eyelids
OCULOMOTOR NERVE
lateral rectus, eye movement
(lateral)
ABDUCENS NERVE
superior oblique, eye
movement (down, inward)
TROCHLEAR NERVE
hearing, balance
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE
facial sensation, mastication
TRIGEMINAL NERVE
vision
OPTIC NERV
facial expression, taste, closing
eyelids, lacrimal, nose, palate
glands, submandibular and
sublingual salivary glands
FACIAL NERVE
tongue muscles
HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE
sternocleidomastoid (head
rotation), trapezius (lifts shoulders)
ACCESSORY NERVE
parasympathetic supply (heart,
heart, gut, lungs, larynx; sensation
to airway, motor to vocal cords)
VAGUS NERVE
sensation/taste (posterior tongue),
posterior pharynx, stylopharyngeus
(swallowing), parotid gland (salivation)
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE
- protective layers that cover the brain
- (1) dura mater, (2) arachnoid membrane, (3)
pia mater
MENINGES
- “tough mother”
- outer meninx
DURA MATER
- “pious mother”
- innermost meninx
PIA MATER
CEREBRUM THALAMUS LIMBIC SYSTEM
(EXTERNAL BRAIN STRUCTURES)
FOREBRAIN
(EXTERNAL BRAIN STRUCTURES) - below the
cerebral cortex and above the hindbrain
MIDBRAIN
(EXTERNAL BRAIN STRUCTURES) CEREBELLUM
PONS MEDULLA OBLONGATA
HINDBRAIN
-body movement, balance, and coordination
HINDBRAIN
connect to the spinal cord via sensory and motor
nerves (i.e., cranial nerves)
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
“bridge”
- contains nuclei for several cranial nerves
- connects the cerebellum to the rest of the body
- unconscious movement and processes
PONS
autonomic, motor, sensory, behavioral, cognitive, and mood-related functions
RETICULAR FORMATION
regulation of noradrenaline: memory, arousal, stress response
LOCUS COERULEUS
equilibrium, posture, head position, clear vision with movement
VESTIBULAR NUCLEUS
receives coded information from the cochlea and sends them bilaterally to other auditory centers
COCHLEAR NUCLEUS
release of serotonin
RAPHE NUCLEI
-”roof”
- eye movements and approach/avoidance
movement
TECTUM
eating, drinking, temperature control, and reproductive
behaviors
- ANS, sleep-wake cycle, emotional response
HYPOTHALAMUS
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow between the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle
CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT
- detecting, localizing, orienting toward environmental
events - motor responses, visuospatial attention, and
perceptual decision-making
SUPERIOR CULLICULUS (VISION)
-contains reticular formation
- arousal, consciousness, sleep-wake cycles,
movement coordination, and cardiovascular control
TEGMENTUM
processing of olfactory information
OLFACTORY BULB
ong-term memory formation, memory retrieval, spatial memory
HIPPOCAMPUS
- connected with the cerebellum, cerebrum, and spinal
cord - motor control and maintenance of muscle tone
RED NUCLEUS
signal integration, frequency recognition, and pitch discrimination
INFERIOR CULLICULUS (HEARING)
movement control, executive functions, and limbic activity
SUSBTANTIA NIGRA
propagation and modulation of pain, sympathetic responses, learning and action of defensive and aversive behaviors
PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY
____ conveys message to the _____ regarding release of hormones
- damage: problems in motivated behavior
- pituitary gland synthesizes several hormones
HYPOTHALAMUS AND
PITUITARY GLAND
sensory information and muscle control mostly from the contralateral side of the body
HEMISPHERES
structures around the brainstem responsible for emotional behavior, learning, and formation of memory
LIMBIC SYSTEM
processing emotions, behavior regulation, autonomic
motor function
CINGULATE GYRUS
- “anteroom,” “inner chamber,” “bridal bed”
- top of the brainstem
- process sensory information before sending it to the
cerebral cortex, except olfactory information - attention for a particular stimulus
THALAMUS
evaluating emotional information, especially fear
AMYGDALA
Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, Globus pallidus. integral motivational and emotional behavior
BASAL GANGLIA
release acetylcholine based on the input of the
cerebellum and basal ganglia
BASAL FOREBRAIN
(NUCLEUS BASALIS)
- higher cognitive processes: problem solving,
memory, language, motivation, impulse control - Primary Motor Cortex (Precentral Gyrus): fine
motor movements - Prefrontal Cortex
1. posterior: movement
2. middle: working memory, cognitive control,
emotional reactions
3. anterior: decision-making
FRONTAL LOBE
- vision and recognition
- Primary Visual Cortex (Striate Cortex)
- damage: cortical blindness (no conscious visual perception
OCCIPITAL LOBE
auditory information and understanding spoken
language
- complex aspects of vision: perception of movement,
recognition of faces - emotional and motivational behaviors
- smell, taste, memory, understanding music,
sexual behavio
TEMPORAL LOBE
- sensation and spatial information/awareness
- touch, taste, smell, eye-hand coordination, hand
movement - Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Postcentral
Gyrus): information from touch receptors, muscle-
stretch receptors, and joint receptors
PARIETAL LOBE
- binding problem
- perception of sensations at the same time in approximately the same space
CEREBRAL CORTEX
