CHAPTER 1 | Intro Flashcards
scientific study of the nervous system
NEUROSCIENCE
scientific study of the biology of behavior (physiological, evolutionary, and developmental)
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
BIOPSYCHOLOGY (COMMON SENSE EXPLANATION)
internal goals
BIOPSYCHOLOGY (PHYSIOLOGICAL EXPLANATION)
brain and other
organs
BIOPSYCHOLOGY (FUNCTIONAL EXPLANATION)
why a structure evolved
BIOPSYCHOLOGY (ONTOGENIC EXPLANATION)
development of
structure or
behavior
BIOPSYCHOLOGY (EVOLUTIONALY EXPLANATION)
evolutionary
history
- Egyptians
discarded the brain
during
mummification - accurate
observations of
neural disorders
3000 B.C.
- René Descartes: mindbody dualism and
hydraulic transmission - Anton van
Leeuwenhoek: light
microscope - Galvani and du BoisReymond: electricity
transmits messages in
the nervous system
1600–1800
- Hippocrates: brain
as the source of
intellect - Galen: accurate
observations from
dissection but
believed that fluids
transmitted
messages
400 B.C.–200 A.D
- Bell and Magendie: direction of
neural communication; separate
pathways for sensation and
movement - Gall and Spurzheim: phrenology
is inaccurate; localization of
function in the nervous system - Paul Broca: speech production
- Fritsch and Hitzig: motor
function in the cerebral cortex
1800–1900
- Donald O. Hebb:
> The Organization
of Behavior
> psychological
phenomena
produced by brain
activity
20TH CENTURY
functions and activities of the nervous system (DISCIPLINES OF NEUROSCIENCE)
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
- Ramón y Cajal: separate cells in the
nervous system - John Hughlings Jackson: hierarchy
of brain functions; more complicated
functions for higher levels of the brain - Otto Loewi: synaptic chemicals
- Charles Sherrington: “synapse”
(Nobel Prize 1932) - Sir John Eccles, Andrew Huxley,
and Alan Hodgkin: advanced our
understanding of neural
communication (1963 Nobel Prize ) - Bernard Katz: synaptic chemical
transmission (1970 Nobel Prize ) - more than 38,000 members of Society
for Neuroscience (2007)
1900–present
effects of drugs on neural activity (DISCIPLINES OF NEUROSCIENCE)
NEUROPHARMACOLOGY
nervous system disorders (DISCIPLINES OF NEUROSCIENCE)
NEUROPATHOLOGY
chemical bases of neural activities (DISCIPLINES OF NEUROSCIENCE)
NEUROCHEMISTRY
interactions between the nervous system and endocrine system (DISCIPLINES OF NEUROSCIENCE)
NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY
structure of the nervous system (DISCIPLINES OF NEUROSCIENCE)
NEUROANATOMY
Can follow instructions.
* Can report their subjective experiences.
* Are often cheaper to work with.
HUMAN
- Simpler brains make it more
likely that brain-behavior
interactions will be revealed. - Insights arise from
comparative approach. - There are fewer ethical
considerations.
NONHUMAN
conducted for the purpose of
acquiring knowledge
PURE
APPLIED
intended to bring about
some direct benefit to
humankind
- studies the neural
mechanisms of
behavior - direct
manipulation of
the brain through
controlled
experiments
PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY
- manipulation of
neural activity and
behavior through
drugs - applied research
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
- relationship
between
physiological
activity and
psychological
processes - typically uses
non-invasive
procedures
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
- psychological
effects of brain
damage in human
patients through
case studies and
quasi-experiments - focused on
cerebral cortex - most applied
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
- neural bases of
cognition - functional brain
imaging
techniques
- newest division of
biopsychology
COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
