Chapter 2 - Minerals

Question 1

Atomic Number is:

Answer 1

The number of protons in the atom

Question 1

Atomic Mass equals:

Answer 1

The number of protons and neutrons in the atom

Question 2

Angstrom (Å)

Answer 2

Measures 10⁻¹⁰ meters (0.0000000010 m)

Question 3

Femtometer (fm)

Answer 3

Measures 10⁻¹⁵ meters (0.000000000000010 m)

Question 4

Ion

Answer 4

A positive or negative charged atom depending on the change in electrons.
Cation: positively charged
Anion: negatively charged

Question 5

Cation

Answer 5

A positive charged ion

Question 6

Anion

Answer 6

A negative charged ion

Question 7

Ionic bond

Answer 7

Occurs when positive and negative ions stick together

Question 8

Covalent bond

Answer 8

Occurs when two electrons share one or more of their electrons with another atom’s orbital.

Question 9

Silicon

Answer 9

The 2nd most abundant element in the Earth’s crust.

Question 10

Silicate

Answer 10

A mineral in which silicon and oxygen are present as silica tetrahedra

Question 11

Silicone

Answer 11

Not to be confused with silicon - this is a synthetic product made from silicon oxygen chains and various organic molecules.

Question 12

Inert

Answer 12

Elements with a full outer shell - they tend to not react with other elements to form compounds.

Question 13

Oxide

Answer 13

Have O⁻² as their anion but this excludes oxygen complexes.

Question 14

Hydroxide

Answer 14

This compound occurs when Oxygen binds with Hydrogen - OH⁻

Question 15

Sulphides

Answer 15

Minerals that have S⁻² anion

Question 16

Sulphates

Answer 16

Minerals that have SO₄⁻² anion

Question 17

Halides

Answer 17

Anions that include the halogen elements (chlorine, fluorine, bromine, etc. - group 17)

Question 18

Carbonates

Answer 18

Includes minerals in which the anion is the CO₃²⁻ complex.

Question 19

Phosphate

Answer 19

Includes minerals in which the anion is the PO₄³⁻ complex.

Question 20

Silicate

Answer 20

Includes the elements Silicon and Oxygen in varying proportions ranging from Si:O₂ to So:O₄

Question 21

Native Mineral

Answer 21

These are single element minerals such as Gold, Copper, Sulpher, and Graphite.

Question 22

Divalent

Answer 22

Valence of +2 (can form two covalent bonds).

Question 23

Inorganic mineral

Answer 23

A mineral that does not contain carbon hydrogen bonds (coal and oil are not a mineral because they contain organic remains of plants or animals).

Question 24

Naturally occurring mineral

Answer 24

Must be formed by natural processes.

Question 25

Polymorphs

Answer 25

Elements that have the same chemical composition but different crystalline structure.

Question 26

Cation substitution

Answer 26

When cations replace each other, a new mineral is formed. These have the same crystalline structure but different chemical composition.