Chapter 2 - Metabolic Processes

Question 0

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 0

A process that forms ATP using energy transferred indirectly from a series of redox reactions

Question 1

Pyruvate oxidation

Answer 1

• pyruvate enters the mitochondria from the cytoplasm
• One carbon atom is removed via a carboxyl
• hydrogen is removed using NAD
• coenzymes a become attached to the remaining carbon atoms, creating acetyl-COA, which enters the Krebs cycle

Question 2

Substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 2

The formation of ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP

Question 3

Cellular respiration overview

Answer 3

• the set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert bio chemical energy from nutrients into ATP, and then release waste products
• three stages include glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain

Question 4

Role of oxygen and water in cellular respiration

Answer 4

• oxygen service is the final electronic scepter in the electron transport chain
• electron transport system would therefore not be available during oxidative phosphorylation
• water is a reactant in several of the steps in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle but without being solvated in water, none of the proteins that carry out these reactions would function at all

Question 5

Role of water and light in photosynthesis

Answer 5

• water provides electrons to replace those electrons are removed from the chlorophyll in photosystem II
• water provides hydrogen to reduce NADP to NADPH which is needed in the Calvin cycle
• water produces oxygen
• light uses the energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates
• light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll

Question 6

Photosystem I and II

Answer 6

• chloroplast thylakoid membrane’s contain two photosystems
• photosystem I is called P700 because it’s absorption wavelength is 700 nm
• photosystem II is called P680, wavelength is 680 nm
• difference in absorption is due to the effects of the proteins that are associated with in the reaction center

Question 7

Structure of the chloroplast

Answer 7

• have an inner and outer membrane
• fluid filled interior containing stroma (protein rich semi liquid)
• membrane-bound sacs called thylakoid stack to form grana
• adjacent grana are connected by lamellae
• thylakoid membrane enclosed an interior space (thylakoid lumen)

Question 8

Aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 8

A process that uses auction to harvest energy from organic compounds. This energy is used to synthesize ATP from ADP. This takes place in most eukaryotic and some prokaryotes

Question 9

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 9

This uses a final inorganic oxidizing agent other than oxygen to produce energy. This is a catabolic process (energy yielding). Prokaryotes and some protists use this to obtain energy for their food.