Chapter 1 - Biochemistry

Question 0

Secondary structure

Answer 0

• Coils and folds caused by hydrogen bonds between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms near the peptide bonds

Question 1

Primary structure

Answer 1

• The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

- Covalent bonds

Question 2

Tertiary structure

Answer 2

• Super coiling terms the folding chain into a globular structure (rounded)
• Determined by polar and nonpolar R groups, hydrogen bonds between polar sidechain, ionic bonds between opposite side chains, Van der Waals forces between non-polar R groups and proline-only amino acid whose R group covalently bonded to its own amino acid group (this causes the kink)

Question 3

Quaternary structure

Answer 3

• not seen in all proteins

- more than one chain interacts

Question 4

Carbohydrates

Answer 4

• monosaccharides are single sugar units and contain a single chain of carbon Adams to which hydroxyl groups are located
• classified according to functional group present

Question 5

Lipids

Answer 5

• hydrophobic molecules
• long-term energy source
• cell membrane
• synthesis of vitamins
• hormone synthesis
• insulation
• protection for organs
• cuticle in plants
• 1 g of fat stores twice as much energy than 1 g of carbs

Question 6

Proteins

Answer 6

• most diverse molecules in terms of structure and function
• have many different roles
• composed of monomer units called amino acids (20 different kinds)

Question 7

Nucleic acids

Answer 7

• huge polymers of nucleotides
• info macromolecules
• store hereditary information
• determine structural and functional characteristics
• composed of a phosphate monomer consisting of: a phosphate group, a five carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) and nitrogenous base

Question 8

Enzymes

Answer 8

• protein catalyst that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process
• enzymes work by reducing the activation energy barrier
• they displace specificity as to what chemical reaction that catalyze
• substrate binds to enzyme in the active site
• this creates an enzyme substrate complex and enzymes are always recycled and reused

Question 9

Catabolic pathway

Answer 9

Energy is released and complex molecules are broken down into simple molecules. Example cellular respiration

Question 10

Anabolic pathways

Answer 10

Energy supply to Bill complex molecules from simpler ones. Example is photosynthesis