Chapter 2: Mental Health/Illness: Historical & Theoretical Concepts

Question 1

anticipatory grieving

Answer 1

grief work that is begun, and sometimes completed, before the loss occurs.

Question 2

bereavement overload

Answer 2

occurs when individuals experience so many losses in their lives that they are not able to resolve one grief response before another one begins.

Question 3

defense mechanisms

Answer 3

used either consciously or unconsciously as a protective device for the ego in an effort to relieve mild-to-moderate anxiety.

Question 4

compensation

Answer 4

the covering up of a real or perceived weakness by emphasizing a trait one considers more desirable.

Question 5

denial

Answer 5

Refusing to acknowledge the existence of a real situation or the feelings associated with it.

Question 6

displacement

Answer 6

The transfer of feelings from one target to another that is considered less threatening or that is neutral.

Question 7

identification

Answer 7

An attempt to increase self-worth by acquiring certain attributes and characteristics of an individual one admires.

Question 8

intellectualization

Answer 8

An attempt to avoid expressing actual emotions associated with a stressful situation by using the intellectual processes of logic, reasoning, and analysis.

Question 9

introjection

Answer 9

Integrating the beliefs and values of another individual into one’s own ego structure.

Question 10

isolation

Answer 10

Separating a thought or memory from the feeling, tone, or emotion associated with it.

Question 11

projection

Answer 11

Attributing feelings or impulses unacceptable to one’s self to another person.

Question 12

rationalization

Answer 12

Attempting to make excuses or formulate logical reasons to justify unacceptable feelings or behaviors.

Question 13

reaction formation

Answer 13

Preventing unacceptable or undesirable thoughts or behaviors from being expressed by exaggerating oppo- site thoughts or types of behaviors.

Question 14

regression

Answer 14

Retreating in response to stress to an earlier level of development and the comfort measures associated with that level of functioning.

Question 15

repression

Answer 15

Involuntarily blocking unpleasant feelings and experiences from one’s awareness.

Question 16

sublimation

Answer 16

Rechanneling of drives or impulses that are personally or socially unacceptable into activities that are constructive.

Question 17

suppression

Answer 17

The voluntary blocking of unpleasant feelings and experiences from one’s awareness.

Question 18

undoing

Answer 18

Symbolically negating or canceling out an experience that one finds intolerable.

Question 19

four humors

Answer 19

the four body fluids:
blood
black bile
yellow bile
phlegm

Question 20

Incomprehensibility

Answer 20

relates to the inability of the general population to understand the motivation behind the behavior

Question 21

cultural relativity

Answer 21

Rules, conventions, and understandings are conceived within an individual’s own particular culture

Question 22

neurosis

Answer 22

psychiatric disturbances, characterized by excessive anxiety that is expressed directly or altered through defense mechanisms

Question 23

psychosis

Answer 23

a severe mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing, typically manifested by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or disorganized or catatonic behavior

Question 24

“ship of fools”

Answer 24

The term given during the Middle Ages to sailing boats filled with severely mentally ill people who were sent out to sea with little guidance and in search of their lost rationality.

Question 25

Mild Anxiety

Answer 25

associated with the tension experienced in response to the events of day-to-day living

Question 26

Moderate Anxiety

Answer 26

The moderately anxious individual is less alert to events occurring in the environment

Question 27

Severe Anxiety

Answer 27

The perceptual field of the severely anxious individual is so greatly diminished that concentration centers on one particular detail only or on many extraneous details

Question 28

Panic Anxiety

Answer 28

In this most intense state of anxiety, the individual is unable to focus on even one detail in the environment.

Question 29

characteristics of people with neuroses:

Answer 29

They are aware that they are experiencing distress.
They are aware that their behaviors are maladaptive.
They are unaware of any possible psychological causes of the distress.
They feel helpless to change their situation.
They experience no loss of contact with reality.

Question 30

characteristics of people with neuroses:

Answer 30

They are aware that they are experiencing distress.
They are aware that their behaviors are maladaptive.
They are unaware of any possible psychological causes of the distress.
They feel helpless to change their situation.
They experience no loss of contact with reality.

Question 31

Anxiety Disorders

Answer 31

Disorders in which the characteristic features are symptoms of anxiety and avoidance behavior

Question 32

Somatic Symptom Disorders

Answer 32

Disorders in which the characteristic features are physical symptoms for which there is no demonstrable organic pathology

Question 33

Dissociative Disorders

Answer 33

Disorders in which the characteristic feature is a disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception of the environment

Question 34

characteristics of people with psychoses

Answer 34

They exhibit minimal distress (emotional tone is flat, bland, or inappropriate).
They are unaware that their behavior is maladaptive.
They are unaware of any psychological problems.
They are exhibiting a flight from reality into a less stressful world or into one in which they are attempting to adapt.

Question 35

Grief

Answer 35

a subjective state of emotional, physical, and social responses to the loss of a valued entity.

Question 36

Stages of Grief

Answer 36

Stage 1—Denial
Stage 2—Anger
Stage 3—Bargaining
Stage 4—Depression
Stage 5—Acceptance

Question 37

Stage 1—Denial

Answer 37

This is a stage of shock and disbelief. Denial is a protective mechanism that allows the individual to cope in an immediate time frame while organizing more effective defense strategies.

Question 38

Stage 2—Anger

Answer 38

Envy and resentment toward individuals not affected by the loss are common. Anger may be directed at the self or displaced on loved ones, caregivers, and even God.

Question 39

Stage 3—Bargaining

Answer 39

a “bargain” is made with God in an attempt to reverse or post- pone the loss

Question 40

Stage 4—Depression

Answer 40

During this stage, the full impact of the loss is experienced. The sense of loss is intense, and feelings of sadness and depression prevail.

Question 41

Stage 5—Acceptance

Answer 41

The final stage brings a feeling of peace regarding the loss that has occurred. It is a time of quiet expectation and resignation.

Question 42

prolonged grief response

Answer 42

characterized by an intense preoccupation with memories of the lost entity for many years after the loss has occurred

Question 43

delayed or inhibited grief response

Answer 43

individual becomes fixed in the denial stage of the grieving process

Question 44

distorted grief response

Answer 44

fixed in the anger stage of grieving

Question 45

Resolution

Answer 45

thought to occur when an individual is able to remember and accept both the positive and negative aspects associated with the lost entity.

Question 46

Resolution

Answer 46

thought to occur when an individual is able to remember and accept both the positive and negative aspects associated with the lost entity.

Question 47

Three years ago, Anna’s dog, Lucky, whom she had had for 16 years, was hit by a car and killed. Anna’s daughter reports that since that time, Anna has lost weight, rarely leaves her home, and just sits and talks about Lucky. Anna’s grieving behavior would most likely be considered to be:

Answer 47

Distorted

Question 48

Anna is diagnosed with major depressive disorder. She is most likely fixed in which stage of the grief process?

Answer 48

Anger

Question 49

Anna’s dog, Lucky, got away from her while they were taking a walk. He ran into the street and was hit by a car. Anna cannot remember any of these circumstances of his death. This is an example of what defense mechanism?

Answer 49

Repression

Question 50

Lucky sometimes refused to obey Anna, and indeed did not come back to her when she called to him on the day he was killed. But Anna continues to insist, “He was the very best dog. He always minded me. He always did everything I told him to do.” This represents the defense mechanism of:

Answer 50

Reaction Formation

Question 51

Which of the following statements by Anna might suggest that she is achieving resolution of her grief over Lucky’s death?

Answer 51

“It’s true. Lucky didn’t always mind me. Sometimes he ignored my commands.”

Question 52

Dr. Benjamin Rush

Answer 52

The father of American psychiatry, initiated the first American hospital for the mentally ill with humane treatment

Question 53

Dorothea Dix

Answer 53

Lobbied for state mental hospitals

Question 54

Linda Richards

Answer 54

First American psychiatric nurse

Question 55

Mental Health

Answer 55

the successful adaptation to stressors from the internal or external environment, evidenced by thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are age-appropriate and congruent with local and cultural norms

Question 56

Mental illness

Answer 56

maladaptive responses to stressors from the internal or external environment, evidenced by thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are incongruent with local and cultural norms and interfere with the individual’s social, occupational, or physical functioning