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Kaplan: Microbiology > Chapter 2: Medically Relevant Bacteria > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Medically Relevant Bacteria Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bacteremia

A

bacteria in bloodstream without overt clinical signs

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2
Q

Septicemia

A

bacteria in bloodstream (multiplying) with clinical symptoms

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3
Q

What medically relevant organisms commonly reside in the blood?

A

none, generally sterile

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4
Q

What are medically relevant organisms that are found at cutaneous surfaces including urethra and outer ear?

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

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5
Q

What are some medically relevant organisms that commonly reside in the nose?

A

staphylococcus aureus

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6
Q

Some medically relevant organisms that reside in the oropharynx?

A

Viridans streptococci including Streptococcus mutans

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7
Q

How does Streptococcus mutans produce dental plaque?

A

secretes a biofilm that glues it and other oral flora to teeth producing dental plaque

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8
Q

What are some less common but notable organisms found in the oropharynx?

A

Assorted streptococci, nonpathogenic Neisseria, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, Candida Albicans

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9
Q

What does nontypeable Haemophilus mean?

A

Haemophilus that has no capsule

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10
Q

What are some medically relevant organisms that are found in gingival crevices?

A

Anaerobes: Bacteroides, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Streptococcus, Actinomyces

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11
Q

What are some medically relevant organisms that are found in the stomach?

A

none

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12
Q

What are some common or medically relevant organisms that reside in the colon?

A

microaerophilic/ anaerobic

Babies: breast fed only
Bifidobacterium

Adult:
Bacteroides/ Prevotella
(predominant organism)

Escherichia

Bifidobacterium

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13
Q

What are some less common but notable organisms that can be found in the colon in babies?

A

lactobacillus, streptococci

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14
Q

What are some medically relevant organisms that reside in the vagina?

A

lactobacillus

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15
Q

What organisms colonize the vagina of 15-20% of women and may infect the infant during labor or delivery, causing septicemia and/or meningitis? What organism may infect the neonate from fecal flora?

A

Group B Streptococcus

E. coli from fecal

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16
Q

Characteristics of obligate aerobes?

A
  • require oxygen
  • have no fermentative pathways
  • generally produce superoxide dismutase
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17
Q

Important genera found to be obligate aerobes?

A
  • mycobacterium
  • pseudomonas (bacillus)
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18
Q

What are characteristics of microaerophilic organisms?

A

require low but not full oxygen tension

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19
Q

What are some important genera considered microaerophilic organisms?

A
  • Campylobacter
  • Helicobacter
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20
Q

Characteristics of facultative anaerobes?

A

Will respire aerobically until oxygen is depleted and then ferment

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21
Q

Important genera of facultative anaerobes?

A

most bacteria, e.g., Enterobacteriaceae

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22
Q

What are some important characteristics to remember about obligate anaerobes?

A
  • lack superoxide dismutase
  • generally lack catalase
  • are fermenters
  • cannot use O2 as terminal electron acceptor
23
Q

What are some genera that are considered obligate anaerobes?

A
  • Actinomyces
  • Bacteroides
  • Clostridium
24
Q

How do you remember some of the most important obligate anaerobes?

A

ABC’s

  • Actinomyces
  • Bacteroides
  • Clostridium
25
Q

What color do Gram + organisms stain? Why?

A

purple/blue

Have large peptidoglycan layer so can absorb crystal violet better

26
Q

What color do Gram (-) bacteria turn with gram stain? Why?

A

red/ pink

peptidoglycan layer is not as large so won’t absorb crystal violet as well

27
Q

What color do acid fast organisms stain?

A

red

28
Q

What color do non-acid fast bacteria stain?

A

blue

29
Q

Another name for acid fast stain?

A

Ziehl-Neelson or Kinyoun stain

30
Q

All cocci are Gram negative or Gram positive with what exceptions?

A

Gram-positive with the exception of Neisseria, Moraxella, and Veillonella

31
Q

All spore formers are Gram negative or Gram positive?

A

Gram positive

32
Q

Background in stains modified for tissue will be what color?

A

red

33
Q

What are 2 protozoan parasites that have acid fast oocysts?

A

Cryptosporidium and Isospora

34
Q

List Gram negative cocci bacteria.

A
  • Neisseria
  • Moraxella
  • Veillonella
35
Q

List major groups of Gram negative rods.

A

rods, curved or helical, enterobacteriaceae, anaerobic rods, gram-variable rods, spirochetes

36
Q

List gram negative rods.

A
  • Pseudomonas
  • Burkholderia
  • Acinetobacter
  • Eikenella
  • Kingella
  • Haemophilus
  • Bartonella
  • Legionella
  • Brucella
  • Bordetella
  • Francisella
  • Capnocytophaga
  • Pasteurella
37
Q

List gram negative curved or helical rods.

A
  • Campylobacter
  • Helicobacter
  • Vibrio
38
Q

List the organisms of the enterobacteriaceae family.

A
  • Escherichia
  • Shigella
  • Salmonnella
  • Klebsiella
  • Proteus
  • Yersinia
  • Aeromonas
  • Serratia
  • Citrobacter
  • Enterobacter
39
Q

List the organisms considered gram negative anaerobic rods?

A
  • Bacteroides
  • Prevotella
  • Porphyromonas
  • Fusobacterium
40
Q

List the gram-variable rods.

A
  • Gardnerella
  • Mobiluncus
41
Q

List the spirochetes.

A
  • Treponema
  • Borrelia
  • Leptospira
42
Q

List the Gram positive cocci.

A

Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Enterococcus

43
Q

List the types of Gram positive rods (groups)?

A
  • aerobic or facultative anaerobic
  • anaerobic
44
Q

What are the aerobic or facultative anaerobic gram positive rods?

A
  • bacillus
  • listeria
  • corynebacterium
  • nocardia
  • mycobacterium
45
Q

What are the anaeorbic gram positive rods?

A
  • clostridium
  • actinomyces
  • propionibacterium
  • lactobacillus
46
Q

Gram + spore formers?

A

Clostridium
Bacillus

47
Q

What are 3 classes of non- Gram- staining bacteria?

A
  • Mycoplasmataceae
  • Rickettsiaceae
  • Chlamydiaceae
48
Q

What are the organisms found in the Mycoplasmataceae family?

A
  • Mycoplasma
  • Ureaplamsa
49
Q

What are some organisms found in the Rickettsiaceae family?

A
  • Rickettsia
  • Ehrlichia
  • Coxiella
50
Q

What are some organisms found in the Chlamydiaceae family?

A
  • Chlamydia
  • Chlamydophila
51
Q

Why does mycobacterium not stain well with gram stain? What is it technically considered (Gram negative or positive)

A

Waxy cell wall does not work well with gram stain; considered gram positive

52
Q

What organisms are so thin that the color of gram stain cannot be seen and are organisms that are all considered gram negative?

A

spirochetes, chlamydiae, and rickettsias

53
Q

What organisms that is Gram negative, does not stain well with traditional gram stain unless counterstain in increased?

A

Legionella

Kaplan: Microbiology (4 decks)

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